tered by the War Department. It was intended, and had been made clear from the beginning, that Cuba was to become an independent nation, and that our military occupation would be temporary and brief.

The functioning of military government actually began with our occupation of the city of Santiago, which surrendered after a protracted siege. Major General Leonard Wood became military governor of the city. The population was suffering badly as a result of the siege. Within twenty-four hours Wood had organized the distribution of Army rations to the starving people. He requisitioned gangs of laborers and all the carts and draft animals he could find. Then he put the people to work cleaning up the city and removing the dead. He reorganized the local constabulary and put them on duty to maintain law and order. He issued large amounts of food, clothing, and medicine from captured Spanish, local Cuban, and existing Army stocks. He fixed food prices to avoid what are today called "black market" activities. Engineers were immediately directed to overhaul, repair, and modernize the water supply systems.

Three months after he had entered the city of Santiago, Wood became governor of the province of the same name. In this capacity he continued the work that he had begun in the city. Later, in December of 1899, he took over the entire Division of Cuba.

Almost from the beginning Wood made it a policy to encourage Cuban initiative and sense of responsibility. He began using Cubans in Government jobs which only Spaniards had held before, and started a Cuban civil service, in spite of protests that the Cubans were not prepared for self-government. The event fully justified his action.

Toward the end of his term, in line with our promise of freedom for Cuba, Wood ordered elections held to select the future officials of the Republic. His term ended when, on orders from President Roosevelt, he delivered the government into the hands of Presidentelect Palma in May of 1901.

WORLD WAR I. Our military occupation of Germany after World War I had three phases.

The Tactical Phase. On 1 December 1918 our Third Army entered Germany and began the occupation and govern. ment of that country according to proclamations previously issued by Marshal Foch and General Pershing. Pershing's proclamation laid out the areas of Germany which were to be subject to military government, called on all Germans to resume their normal life while obeying all orders, and promised protection of their persons, homes, property, and religion. It was stated that offenders against Army orders would be punished, but that the American Army would follow the laws of civilized warfare. The Burgomeistern (Mayors) were oriented regarding the objectives of military government. Civilian officials were informed that they could continue in office if they consented to serve.

The original plan was to begin with minor variations in tactical military government; proceed to an occupationtype; and finally, utilizing militarygovernment officers who were already serving with tactical units, arrive at a separate government command. In the period 1 December 1918-30 May 1919, Advance GHQ of the AEF got as far as setting up five subdivisions for the support of military government: Public Works and Utilities, Fiscal Affairs, Sanitation, Schools and Charitable Institutions, and a Legal Department.

The Mixed Phase of Military Government. This began when Advance GHQ was dissolved on 1 June 1919. The Commanding General, Third Army, then became military governor. As our troops left for the United States, personnel who had become familiar with military government activities were retained in Germany.

Eventually the German territorial unit known as a Kreis (county) became the CAMG control unit. In charge of each Kreis was an American Army officer with the title "Kreis Officer in Charge of Civil Affairs." His permanent staff included a superior provost court and a chief medical and sanitation officer. The Kreis Officer, in turn, was responsible to the Officer in Charge of Civil Affairs, Third Army.

The Final Period. In this period, which began with the sharp reduction of our forces in Germany, our almost

dependently.

Greater Berlin was under joint fourpower control, and divided for purposes of occupation into four sectors. The four commandants, approved by their four commanders-in-chief, served in rotation as chief commandant, but decisions required unanimity.

OFFICE OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT FOR GERMANY (UNITED STATES). This organization, known as OMGUS, was established on 1 October 1945, succeeding the United States Group Control Council. Gen. Joseph T. McNarney, who commanded United States forces in the European Theater, also served as Military Governor until March of 1947, when he was succeeded by Gen. Clay.

CAMG CONTROL MEASURES. OMGUS was responsible for carrying these out. Under the Potsdam Agreemen and a Joint Chiefs of Staff directive of May 1945, occupation forces were ordered to destroy Germany's military power and prevent its revival. German land, naval, and air forces were disbanded; more than eight million men were either discharged or transferred to the custody of the allied powers; and practically all military installations and war material were either destroyed or otherwise disposed of. The prevention of a recrudescence of German military power involved surveillance; prohibition of the planning or construction of military installations, and of the manufacture, import or transport of war materials; control of scientific research; capital reparations to countries which had suffered by Nazi aggression; and restrictions on industries easily convertible to military use.

The initial phase of denazification, handled principally by military government, was the destruction of Nazi organizations and the exclusion of active Nazis from positions of influence. Major responsibility for prosecuting certain cases was turned over to the Germans on 5 March 1946, under the Law of Liberation from National Socialism and Militarism. Quadripartite denazification policy was set forth on 12 October 1946 in Control Council Directive No. 38.

ECONOMIC REHABILITATION. The first actions of military government

were concerned with the immediate significance of physical devastation: lack of water, food, fuel, and transportation, and the maintenance of public health and safety. United States authorities then faced the broader economic implications of establishing a self-supporting economy, with physical controls designed to prevent a resurgent military-industrial machine.

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Because of quadripartite failure to implement the Potsdam Agreement in treating Germany as a single economic unit, the United States proposed an economic fusion of its zone with any or all of the other zones. As a result we and Great Britain effected an economic union of our two zones January 1947. A quadripartite plan of March 1946 dealing with reparations and industry levels, which had set up rigid production limits, was modified in this bizonal area by a revised plan, the object of which was to make the area self-supporting, with production levels at about 75% of 1936 output.

Prewar Germany as a whole had produced about 80% of the food it consumed. The highly industrialized bizonal area had produced less than its proportionate share. As a result, in the immediate postwar years, and except for persons producing their own food, the daily ration was low. The 1945-46 average ration issued was 1,500 calories, and as late as 1947-48 it was estimated at only 1925 calories; to this could be added that obtained on the black market, estimated at 250 calories a day. However, the trend continued upward, and most communicable diseases were controlled.

Germany's prewar enonomy imported large quantities of food and raw materials, including agricultural products, textile fibers, hides and skins, and iron ore (11 million tons imported, against 3 million tons produced domestically). Exports consisted of industrial products such as machinery, chemicals, textiles, iron and steel, metal products, electric equipment, and coal. The four occupation zones remained economically interdependent. The bizonal area required seeds, food, feed, lumber, cellulose, newsprint, potash, and optical goods from the Soviet zone; and tobacco, lenses, steel, ammonia, pharmaceuticals,

and glue from the French zone. In exchange it could supply hard coal, iron and steel, machinery and spare parts, chemicals, tires, tubes and rubber products, bearings, conveyor belting, and cattle.

POLITICAL REHABILITATION. Under the supreme control of the occupation authorities, indigenous local governments were established. Each occupation zone was composed of a number of administrative units called Laender (states). They were subdivided administratively into rural counties (Landkreise), larger cities (Stadtkreise), and municipalities (Gemeinden). Berlin was subdivided into 20 boroughs. At the outset of the occupation German officials at all levels were appointed by the military government. In November 1945 the Laender in the United States zone prepared municipal government codes; codes for county government were approved in February 1946.

On 20 October 1946 the voters of Berlin elected representatives to the city assembly and borough assemblies. These representatives subsequently elected an executive council (magistrat).

To rebuild the missing structure of State governments, OMGUS appointed commissions to draft constitutions, for consideration by State conventions to be elected by popular vote. The conventions met in each State, or Land, on 15 July 1946 and adopted their respective constitutions. The Laender of Wuerttemberg-Baden, Hesse, and Bavaria ratified their constitutions and elected State legislatures (Landtag) in the early winter of 1946; Bremen did likewise in October. Berlin operated under a temporary constitution promulgated by the Allied Kommandatura in October of 1946. The French and Soviet zones had Landtag elections and ratified their constitutions at the end of 1946 and in early 1947; the British zone had elections in April of 1947.

As a result of the economic fusion of the American and British zones, increased responsibility was delegated to the Germans. The Bizonal Economic Administration (first created on 29 May 1947 and reorganized on 9 February 1948) was a German legislative and administrative body composed of

Making available captured German material to civilian authorities.

Investigating civilian complaints of looting and damage in conjunction with the Inspector General.

Implementing work on public utilities. Issuing local travel passes to civilians. Helping to provide medical attendants from civilian sources.

Supervising the burial of civilians and livestock.

Providing transport and guards for power line maintenance.

Acting as a Bureau of Missing Persons to bring together separated families. Uncovering and throttling black markets. Supervising the operation of a civilian

laundry and civilian shoe repair service for the military in Germany. For the war-ravaged civilians, CAMG helped bring order from chaos, establish civil administration, reinforce governmental operations, and supply food, medical assistance, and care for refugees and casualties.

TERMINATION OF CAMG. In June 1949 the President created the position of United States High Commissioner for Germany. He was to be under the Secretary of State, and to exercise all the governmental functions of the United States in Germany other than the command of our Occupational Forces. During the period of transfer of CAMG authority from the Secretary of Defense to the Secretary of State, the High Commissioner was also to act as the Military Governor of the U. S. zone under the immediate supervision of the Secretary of Defense.