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UV KSC, F. 02/2-Politicke byro UV KSC 19541962, Sv. 120, A.j. 151.

152 Khrushchev's account of this meeting tallies well with the much more detailed first-hand account in Micunovic, Moscow Diary, pp. 131-141. Micunovic's account is based on notes he compiled right after the negotiations, but unfortunately those notes have not yet turned up in the Yugoslav archives. (Another document in the former Yugoslav Central Committee archive refers to the notes, so it is possible that they still exist somewhere; but the location has not yet been pinpointed.) Newly declassified correspondence between Tito and Khrushchev in early 1957, now stored in the former CPSU Central Committee archive, bears out Khrushchev's and Micunovic's memoirs very well, but it also shows that the memoirs omit a few key details, which are mentioned below. See "Pis'mo Tsentral'nogo Komiteta Kommunisticheskoi Partii Sovetskogo Soyuza ot 10 yanvarya 1957 goda Tsentral'nomu Komitetu Soyuza Kommunistov Yugoslavii/ Pis'mo Tsentral'nogo Komiteta Soyuza Kommunistov Yugoslavii ot 7 fevralya 1957 goda Tsentral'nomu Komitetu Kommunisticheskoi Partii Sovetskogo Soyuza,” No. P295 (Top Secret), February 1957, in TsKhSD, F. 89, Op. 45, D. 83, Ll. 1-12 and D. 84, Ll. 1-18. John Lampe, the director of the East European Program at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, reported at the "Conference on Hungary and the World, 1956," that he had recently obtained an official summary of the Brioni meeting from a colleague who had found it in the papers of Tito's biographer, the late Vladimir Dedijer, among materials evidently intended for a fourth, never-completed volume. An English translation of this Yugoslav record of the Brioni talks, with Lampe's commentary, is slated for publication in the next issue of the CWIHP Bulletin. 153 For a very useful collection of newly declassified materials tracing Yugoslav-Hungarian relations in late October and early November 1956, see Jozsef Kiss, Zoltan Ripp, and Istvan Vida, eds., Magyar-Jugoszlav Kapcsolatok 1956: Dokumentumok (Budapest: MTA Jelenkor-kutato Bizottsag, 1995), esp. pp. 125 ff. 154

Until recently, this arrangement had not been disclosed, apart from a few vague references in Micunovic's memoirs (Moscow Diary, pp. 137138). The first direct revelation of the deal came in the early 1990s when the top-secret correspondence between Tito and Khrushchev from early 1957 was declassified. See "Pis'mo Tsentral'nogo Komiteta Kommunisticheskoi Partii Sovetskogo Soyuza ot 10 yanvarya 1957 goda Tsentral'nomu Komitetu Soyuza

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158

A detailed first-hand account of the military operations can be found in Malashenko, "Osobyi korpus v ogne Budapeshta" (Part 3), pp. 33-37 and (Part 4), pp. 30-36.

159 See, e.g., "Zprava o opatrenich k zesileni bojove pohotovosti vojsk," Report from Col.General Vaclav Kratochvil, chief of the Czechoslovak General Staff, and Lieut.-General Evzen Chlad, chief of the Main Logistical Directorate, to the MNO Collegium (Top Secret), 31 October 1956, in VHA Praha, F. MNO, 1956, GS/OS 2/849b. See also "Rozkaz k provedeni vojenskych opatreni na hranicich s Mad'arskem," from Col.General Vaclav Kratochvil, chief of the Czechoslovak General Staff, to the 2nd Military District in Trencin (Strictly Secret), 28 October 1956, in VHA Praha, F. MNO, 1956, GS/OS, 2/8-2b. 160 "Usneseni 151 schuze politickeho byra UV KSC k bodu 1," pt. 1.

161 Malashenko, "Osobyi korpus v ogne Budapeshte" (Part 3), p. 33.

162 Malashenko, "Osobyi korpus v ogne Budapeshta" (Part 4), pp. 32-33. 163

Nagy's cable to UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjold can be found in UN Doc. A/3251. The appeal and declaration of neutrality were broadcast on Budapest radio on the evening of 1 November. According to Kadar's detailed explanation at a CPSU Presidium meeting on 2 November, Zoltan Tildy was the one who came up with the idea of a declaration of neutrality. All the members of the Hungarian cabinet ultimately voted in favor of it. See "Rabochaya zapis' zasedaniya Prezidiuma TsK KPSS, 2 noyabrya 1956 g.," Ll. 23-29.

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Mezinarodni oddeleni UV KSC 1954-1962, Sv. 110, Ar. Jed. 371. For a thorough survey of the role of the Hungarian army in 1956, see Imre Okvath, “Magyar tisztikar a hideghaboru idoszakaban, 1945-1956," Uj Honvedsegi szemle (Budapest), No. 1 (1994), pp. 14-27, which is based on documents from the 1956 collection (1956-os Gyujtemeny) of the Military History Archives of the Hungarian National Defense Ministry (Hadtortenelmi Leveltar, Honvedelmi Miniszterium). A recent volume by Miklos Horvath, 1956 katonai kronologiaja (Budapest: Magyar Honvedseg Oktatasi es Kulturalis Anyagellato Kozpont, 1993), also draws on these documents. For a useful first-hand account, see Bela Kiraly, "Hungary's Army: Its Part in the Revolt," East Europe, Vol. 7, No. 6 (June 1958), pp. 3-16. Kiraly, as commander of Hungarian troops in Budapest at the time, led the armed resistance against the invasion.

166

On the preparations by Maleter, see Miklos Horvath, Pal Maleter (Budapest: Osiris/ Szazadveg/1956-os Intezet, 1995), esp. pp. 223

228. 167 "Stav Mad'arske lidove armady a priciny jejiho rozkladu," LI. 4-5. The quoted phrase is from "Shifrtelegramma iz Budapeshta," Cable from A. Mikoyan and M. Suslov to the CPSU Presidium, 24 October 1956 (Strictly Secret), in AVPRF, F. 059a, Op. 4, Pap. 6, D. 5, L. 2.

168

On the disarming operations, see "Informatsiya o polozhenii v Vengri po sostoyaniyu na 21.00 4 noyabrya 1956 goda,” Report No. 31613 (Top Secret), from Soviet defense minister G. Zhukov to the CPSU Presidium, and "Informatsiya o polozhenii v Vengrii po sostoyaniyu na 9.00 5 noyabrya 1956 goda," Report No. 31614 (Top Secret), from Soviet defense minister G. Zhukov to the CPSU Presidium, both in APRF, F. 3, Op. 64, D. 485, LI. 102 and 103104, respectively. See also Malashenko, "Osobyi korpus v ogne Budapeshta" (Part 3), pp. 34, 37. 169 "Informatsiya o polozhenii v Vengrii po sostoyaniyu na 21.00 6 noyabrya 1956 goda," Report No. 31618 (Top Secret), from Soviet defense minister G. K. Zhukov to the CPSU Presidium, in AVPRF, F. 0536, Op. 1, P. 5, D. 65, L. 63. Among the other cities in which Soviet troops encountered fierce resistance were Budaorsi, Csepel, Jaszberenyi, Kaposvar, Kecskemet, Kobanya, Komlo, Mezokovesd, Miskolc, Obuda, Pecs, Soroksar, Szolnok, Szombathely, Thokoly, Ulloi, and Veszprem.

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172 Quotations here and in the following paragraph are from “Rabochaya zapis' zasedaniya Prezidiuma TsK KPSS, 4 noyabrya 1956 g.," Ll. 34-360b; and "Rabochaya zapis' zasedaniya Prezidiuma TsK KPSS, 6 noyabrya 1956 g.,” 6 November 1956 (Top Secret), in TsKhSD, F. 3, Op. 12, D. 1006, Ll. 41-45ob. This bickering was first described by Khruschev in his memoirs ("Memuary Nikity Sergeevicha Khrushcheva," pp. 77-78), and a few additional details (not mentioned in Malin's notes) came to light in the recently declassified transcript of the June 1957 CPSU Central Committee plenum (“Plenum TsK KPSS, iyun' 1957 goda," Ll. 27ob-280b). The Malin notes confirm and add a great deal to these earlier sources.

173 The Russian phrase that Molotov used (odernut' nado, chtoby ne komandoval) is slightly awkward in the original, but it can be roughly translated as it is here.

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For forty years, various politicians, historians, and public figures have debated the existence of Radio Free Europe's tapes of broadcasts made during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. In the summer of 1995, Mr. Gyorgy Vamos, Director of Documentation for

Hungarian National Radio, and Judy

Katona, M.A., A.B.D., researcher and journalist, found the recordings in Germany-over 500 hours of tape, which reveal what was broadcast and raise serious questions concernig policy and intent.

These holdings constitute a unique and invaluable record for the study of Hungarian history, the role of the United States and American radio in the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, and in general, the role of U.S. media abroad in promoting ideology, and internal divergencies which led broadcasters to convey messages about American intentions which were at odds with the actual intentions of top policy makers during this tense period of the Cold War.

We are seeking support of US

ing a few days before the Central Committee ple

num.

175

Micunovic, Moscow Diary, p. 156. 176 "Memorandum from the Director of Central Intelligence to the President," 20 November 1956 (Secret), in U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Vol. XXV: Eastern Europe (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988), pp. 473, 475. This FRUS volume contains a large number of documents essential for understanding the U.S. government's response to the events in Poland and Hungary in 1956, although many other materials have since been declassified through the Freedom of Information Act. A collection of newly declassified materials is available to researchers at the National Security Archive in the Gelman Library of the George Washington University in Washington, D.C.

177 Data on Hungarian and Soviet casualties come, respectively, from Peter Gosztonyi, “Az 1956-os forradalom szamokban," Nepszabadsag (Budapest), 3 November 1990, p. 3; and

$50,000 to finance critical research, involving processing of the tapes that were previously believed lost and/or missing, and acquisition of additional materials from other foreign radios and archives. The sources and the professional contacts are already established.

Processing the collection and complementing it with additional broadcast and recorded materials, will create a basis for a meaningful and ob

jective analysis of the American and Western policies of the time. All materials, of course, would be made freely, equally, and openly available to researchers.

In the future, in a second phase of the research, a major English language source document can be published with content analysis of the broadcasts, footnotes, and detailed references.

In the first phase of the implementation of the project, money would be spent on researchers' stipends, translations, acquisition of materials, transcription, duplications, and travel.

For further information, contact Judy Katona at (703) 913-5824 (telephone) or katjud@mnsinc.com (e-mail).

"Sobytiya v Vengrii 1956 g.," in Col.-General G. A. Krivosheev, ed., Grif sekretnosti snyat: Poteri vooruzhenykh sil SSSR v voinakh, boevykh deistviyakh i voennykh konfliktakh: Statisticheskoe issledovanie (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1993), p. 397. The number of Soviet deaths was 720, the number of Soviet wounded was 1,540. The number of Hungarian deaths was 2,502, and the number of Hungarian wounded was 19,226. 178 Attila Szakolczai, "A forradalmat koveto megtorlas soran kivegzettekrol,” in Evkonyv, Vol. 3 (Budapest: 1956-os Intezet, 1994), pp. 237256. Szakolczai provides a considerably lower figure (229) for the number of executions. The figure of 600 comes from Maria Ormos, "A konszolidacio problemai 1956 es 1958 kozott," Tarsadalmi Szemle, Vol. 44, Nos. 8-9 (1989), pp. 48-65. See also Janos Balassa et al., eds., Halottaink, 2 vols. (Budapest: Katalizator, 1989). 179 "Zprava o jednani na UV KSSS 24. rijna

1956," L. 12.

180 Khrushchev, “Memuary Nikity Sergeevicha Khrushcheva," p. 81.

181 Testimony of former national defense minister Lajos Czinege in Magyar Orszaggyules, A Honvedelmi Bizottsag 1989 oktoberi ulesszakan letrhozott vizsgalobizottsag 1989 december 11-i, 1990 januar 3-i, 1990 januar 15-i, 1990 februar 6-i ulese jegyzokonyvenek nyilt reszlete, 5 vols. (1994), Vol. 1, p. 261.

182..

"Tov. Orlovu A.L.," Memorandum No. 1869/

2 (Top Secret), 28 December 1956, transmitting a report prepared by I. Tugarinov, deputy head of the Foreign Ministry's Information Committee, in AVPRF, F. Referentura po Vengrii, Op.36, Por.9, Pap.47a, D.110, LI.11-18. An English translation of this document, as well as an insightful commentary by James Hershberg, can be found in the Cold War International History Bulletin, Issue No.4 (Fall 1994), pp.61-64. 183 Micunovic, Moscow Diary, p. 134.

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THE "MALIN NOTES" ON THE CRISES IN HUNGARY AND POLAND, 1956

Translated and Annotated by Mark Kramer

[graphic][subsumed][subsumed][merged small]
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tary History Archive), Budapest
HWP = Hungarian Workers' Party
HSWP = Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
Committee for State Security

KGB
KSC

Komunisticka strana Ceskos-
lovenska (Czechoslovak Communist Party)
MVD = Ministry of Internal Affairs
PKK = Political Consultative Committee of
the Warsaw Pact

PZPR = Polska Zjednoczona Partia
Robotnicza (Polish United Workers' Party)
SUA = Statni ustredni archiv (Central State
Archive), Prague

TSAMO = Tsentral'nyi arkhiv Ministerstva
oborony Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Central
Archive of the Ministry of Defense, Rus-
sian Federation)

TsKhSD = Tsentr Khraneniya Sovremennoi
Dokumentatsii (Center for the Storage of
Contemporary Documentation), Moscow
UV = Central Committee (of the KSC)
VHA Vojensky historicky archiv (Military-
Historical Archive), Prague

INDIVIDUALS MENTIONED
IN THE MALIN NOTES

Three points are worth mentioning about this list:

First, unless otherwise indicated, the positions listed for each person are those held during the 1956 crises.

Second, the entries for some Hungarian Communist party officials include as many as three titles for the party. The Communist party in Hungary was called the Hungarian Communist Party (Magyar Kommunista Part) until June 1948, when it compelled the Hungarian Social Democratic Party (Magyar Szocial-Demokrata Part) to merge with it. The combined party was renamed the Hungarian Workers' Party (Magyar Dolgozok Partja). The Hungarian Workers' Party was dissolved at the end of October 1956, and a new Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (Magyar Szocialista Munkaspart) was formed on 1 November 1956. The acronyms HCP, HWP, and

HSWP will be used in the listings to refer to the successive incarnations of the Hungarian Communist party.

Third, two Hungarian officials who played contrasting roles in 1956 were both named Istvan Kovacs. The identifications and the translator's annotations should prevent any confusion about which was which.

CPSU CC PRESIDIUM

FULL MEMBERS: Nikolai BULGANIN (prime minister), Kliment VOROSHILOV (chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet), Lazar' KAGANOVICH (first deputy prime minister), Aleksei KIRICHENKO (First Secretary of the Ukrainian Communist Party), Georgii MALENKOV (deputy prime minister), Anastas MIKOYAN, Vyacheslav MOLOTOV (foreign minister until June 1956), Mikhail PERVUKHIN, Maksim SABUROV (first deputy prime minister), Mikhail SUSLOV (CPSU CC Secretary), and Nikita KHRUSHCHEV (CPSU CC First Secretary).

CANDIDATE MEMBERS: Leonid BREZHNEV (CPSU CC Secretary), Georgii ZHUKOV (defense minister), Nurotdin MUKHITDINOV, Ekaterina FURTSEVA (CPSU CC Secretary), Nikolai SHVERNIK (chairman of CPSU Party Control Committee), and Dmitrii SHEPILOV (foreign minister after June 1956).

CPSU CC SECRETARIES NOT ON THE CPSU CC PRESIDIUM

Averki ARISTOV, Nikolai BELYAEV, and Pyotr POSPELOV.

OTHERS MENTIONED

IN THE NOTES

ANDICS, Erzsebet: chief historian for the HWP until the autumn of 1956; fled to the Soviet Union with her husband, Andor Berei (see below), in late October 1956

ANDROPOV, Yurii: Soviet ambassador in Hungary

APRO, Antal: member of the HCP/ HWP Politburo from 1946 to 1951 and 1953 to 1956; Hungarian deputy prime minister from November 1953 to 3 November 1956; member of the HWP Presidium from 28 October 1956; minister of industry after 4

November 1956; member of the HSWP Provisional Executive Committee; senior Hungarian state official until 1984

BATA, Istvan: Hungarian minister of national defense until 24 October 1956; fled to the Soviet Union on 28 October 1956

BEREI, Andor: head of the Hungarian state planning bureau from 1954 to 1956; fled to the Soviet Union with his wife, Erszebet Andics (see above), in late October 1956

BOLDOCZKI, Janos: Hungarian ambassador in Moscow

CHERNUKHA, Vladimir: deputy head of the General Department of the CPSU Central Committee

CYRANKIEWICZ, Jozef: Polish prime minister

DOBI, Istvan: president of Hungary (a largely figurehead post)

DOGEI, Imre: appointed minister of agriculture in the Provisional Workers' and Peasants's Government formed on 4 November 1956

well-known

DONATH, Ferenc: economist; leading supporter of Imre Nagy; appointed a Secretary of the HWP on 23-24 October 1956; appointed a member of the HSWP Executive Committee on 1 November 1956; took refuge in the Yugoslav embassy on 4 November 1956; arrested by Soviet troops on 22 November 1956 and transferred to Romania; sentenced to 12 years imprisonment in June 1958; amnestied in 1960

DUDAS, Jozsef: engineer; one of the most radical leaders of the Budapest rebel forces after 23 October 1956; took part in the armed resistance against the Soviet invasion; arrested by Soviet troops on 21 November 1956; executed in January 1957 DULLES, John Foster: U.S. Secretary of State

EGRI, Gyula: HWP Secretary from 1955 to 1956; fled to the Soviet Union at the beginning of November 1956; returned to Hungary in April 1957

dent

EISENHOWER, Dwight: U.S. Presi

ELYUTIN, Vyacheslav: Soviet minister of higher education

EPISHEV, Aleksei: Soviet ambassador in Romania

FARKAS, Mihaly: Hungarian minister of national defense from 1948 to 1953; notorious organizer of mass repression in Hungary during the Rakosi era; expelled

from the HWP in mid-July 1956; arrested on 12 October 1956; sentenced to 16 years imprisonment in February 1957; amnestied in 1961

FIRYUBIN, Nikolai: Soviet ambassador in Yugoslavia

GERO, Erno: First Secretary of the HWP from 18 July 1956 to 25 October 1956; fled to the Soviet Union on 28 October 1956 GHEORGHIU-DEJ, Gheorghe: First Secretary of the Romanian Workers' Party GOMULKA, Wladyslaw: First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) from 20 October 1956 to December 1970

GROMYKO, Andrei: Soviet first deputy foreign minister

GRYAZNOV, Feodosii: counselor at the Soviet embassy in Yugoslavia

HEGEDUS, Andras: Hungarian prime minister from April 1955 to 24 October 1956; first deputy prime minister from 24 to 27 October 1956; fled to Soviet Union on 28 October 1956

HIDAS, Istvan: member of the HWP Politburo from June 1953 to 26 October 1956; deputy prime minister from 1954 to 26 October 1956

HORTHY, Admiral Nicolas de: final commander-in-chief of the Austro-Hungarian Navy; authoritarian leader (with the title of Regent) in Hungary during the interwar period and most of World War II (19201944)

HORVATH, Imre: Hungarian foreign minister from 30 July 1956 to 2 November 1956; foreign minister in Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government formed by Janos Kadar on 4 November 1956

KADAR, Janos: victim of Stalin-era purges; member of HWP Politburo after 18 July 1956; elected HWP First Secretary on 25 October 1956; chairman of HWP Presidium from 28 October 1956 until the formation of the HSWP on 1 November; member of the HSWP Executive Committee from 1 November; state minister in Imre Nagy's government from 1 to 4 November 1956; formed a "Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government" on 4 November 1956; top leader in Hungary until 1988

KARDELJ, Edvard: vice-president of Yugoslavia; top aide to Tito

KIRALY, General Bela: released from prison in September 1956; appointed head of the police and armed forces of the Revolutionary Committee for Public Order on 30

October 1956; appointed to the Revolutionary Defense Committee on 31 October 1956; appointed commander of the National Guard on 3 November 1956; one of the leaders of the armed resistance to the Soviet invasion

KISS, Karoly: member of the HWP Presidium from 28 October 1956; member of the HSWP Provisional Executive Committee after 4 November 1956; member of the HSWP Politburo from 1957 to 1962

KONEV, Marshal Ivan: commanderin-chief of the Warsaw Pact Joint Armed Forces; appointed on 1 November as overall commander of Soviet troops that invaded Hungary on 4 November

KOSSA, Istvan: finance minister in the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government formed by Janos Kadar on 4 November 1956

KOVACS, Bela: Secretary General of the Independent Smallholders Party until February 1947; imprisoned in the Soviet Union from February 1947 until the autumn of 1955; member of Imre Nagy's cabinet from 27 October 1956 (and a state minister from 3 to 4 November 1956)

KOVACS, General Istvan: senior Hungarian army official; appointed chief of the Hungarian General Staff; arrested by Soviet KGB troops on 3 November; sentenced to six years imprisonment in 1958; amnestied in 1960

KOVACS, Istvan: senior official in HCP/HWP from 1945 on; member of the HWP Politburo from March 1955; HWP Secretary from November 1955; first secretary of the Budapest party committee from July 1954 to 29 October 1956; fled to the Soviet Union on 31 October 1956

LIU Shaoqi: Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee; deputy chairman of the Chinese Communist Party

LOSONCZY, Geza: victim of Stalinera purges; rehabilitated in 1954; candidate member of the HWP Politburo from 23 October 1956; state minister in Imre Nagy's cabinet from 30 October 1956; member of the HSWP Executive Committee from 1 to 4 November 1956; took refuge in Yugoslav embassy on 4 November; arrested on 22 November and transferred to Romania; imprisoned in Hungary in April 1957; died in prison in December 1957 under mysterious circumstances

MALETER, Pal: colonel in the Hungarian People's Army who took the side of

the insurgents after the 1956 revolution began; appointed to Revolutionary Defense Committee and a first deputy minister of national defense on 31 October 1956; appointed national defense minister on 3 November 1956 and promoted to the rank of major-general; arrested on the evening of 3 November by Soviet KGB troops; executed by hanging along with Imre Nagy in June 1958

MALIN, Vladimir: head of the General Department of the CPSU Central Committee

MALININ, General Mikhail: first deputy chief of the Soviet General Staff; commanded Soviet forces during the initial intervention in Hungary on 23 October

MALNASAN, Aurel: Romanian deputy foreign minister

MAO Zedong: Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party

MAROSAN, Gyorgy: victim of Stalin-era purges; rehabilitated in 1956; member of the HWP Politburo from July to October 1956; state minister in the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government formed by Janos Kadar on 4 November 1956 MICUNOVIC, Veljko: Yugoslav ambassador in Moscow

MILOVANOV, Milenko: employee at the Yugoslav embassy in Budapest; killed by stray Soviet tankfire on 5 November 1956

MINDSZENTY, Cardinal Jozsef: Primate of the Hungarian Catholic Church; imprisoned from 1948 to July 1955; under house arrest from July 1955 until 30 October 1956, when he was freed by Hungarian soldiers; took refuge in the U.S. embassy on 4 November 1956 and remained there until 1971, when he was allowed to leave for Austria

MUNNICH, Ferenc: Hungarian ambassador in the Soviet Union from September 1954 to July 1956; Hungarian ambassador in Yugoslavia from July 1956 to 25 October 1956; member of the HWP Presidium from 28 to 31 October 1956; minister of internal affairs from 27 October 1956; deputy head of the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government formed by Janos Kadar on 4 November 1956

NAGY, Ferenc: leader of the Independent Smallholders Party from 1945 to mid1947 and Hungarian prime minister from February 1946 to June 1947; emigrated to the United States after the Communists forced him to resign from his posts

NAGY, Imre: Hungarian prime minister from July 1953 to March 1955 and from 24 October 1956 to 4 November 1956; sought refuge in Yugoslav embassy on 4 November 1956; arrested by Soviet troops on 22 November 1956 and transferred to Romania; executed by hanging in June 1958 NOVOTNY, Antonin: First Secretary of Czechoslovak Communist Party

OCHAB, Edward: First Secretary of the PZPR from March 1956 to 20 October 1956

PIROS, Lajos: Hungarian minister of internal affairs from 1954 to 27 October 1956; fled to the Soviet Union on 28 October 1956

PONOMARENKO, Panteleimon: Soviet ambassador in Poland

PONOMAREV, Boris: head of the CPSU CC Department for Ties with Foreign Communist Parties

POPOVIC, Koca: Yugoslav foreign

minister

RAJK, Laszlo: top Hungarian Communist official; sentenced to death on trumped-up charges in October 1949; posthumously rehabilitated in March 1956; reburied in October 1956

RAKOSI, Matyas: HWP First Secretary from June 1948 to July 1956; served simultaneously as Hungarian prime minister from 1952 to June 1953; fled to the Soviet Union on 26 July 1956, where he spent the rest of his life

RANKOVIC, Aleksander: Yugoslav minister of internal affairs; party secretary responsible for cadres; second most powerful figure in Yugoslavia and widely regarded at the time as the heir apparent to Tito

ROKOSSOWSKI, Marshal Konstantin: Soviet officer serving as Polish national defense minister, December 1949 to November 1956; removed from PZPR Politburo on 20 October 1956; recalled to the Soviet Union in mid-November 1956

RONAI, Sandor: former Social Democrat; member of HWP Politburo until June 1953; appointed minister of commerce in Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government formed by Janos Kadar on 4 November 1956; chairman of the Hungarian State Assembly (parliament) from 1952 to 1962

SEROV, Ivan: chairman of the KGB SOBOLEV, Arkadii: Soviet permanent representative at the United Nations SZANTO, Zoltan: member of the

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