tative (Article 4), although “any member of the League not represented on the Council shall be invited to send a representative to sit as a member at any meeting of the Council during the consideration of matters specially affecting the interests of that member of the League" (Article 4). As a friendly right of each member of the League, she can "bring to the attention of the Assembly or of the Council any circumstance whatever affecting international relations which threatens to disturb international peace or the good understanding between nations upon which peace depends" (Article XI).2B She has also the right to withdraw from the League, after two years' notice, "provided that all its international obligations and all its obligations under this Covenant shall have been fulfilled at the time of its withdrawal" (Article I); and to refuse to be bound by any amendment, in which case she ceases to be a member of the League (Article 26).

What is more important, she can appeal to the Council for inquiry and recommendation, in case of any dispute, or submit to arbitration.

"The Members of the League agree that if there should arise between them any dispute likely to lead to a rupture, they will submit the matter either to arbitration or to inquiry by the Council, and they agree in no case to resort to war until three months after the award by the arbitrators or the report by the Council.

In any case under this Article the award of the arbitrators shall be made within a reasonable time, and the report of the Council shall be made within six months after the submission of the dispute" (Article 12).

In "disputes as to the interpretation of a treaty, as to any question of international law, as to the existence of any fact which if established should constitute a breach of any international obligation, or as to the extent and

nature of the reparation to be made for any such breach" (Article 13), which are declared to be generally appropriate for submission to arbitration, she can, with the consent of the other party or parties to the dispute, submit the matter to arbitration, and if she abides by the award, gains the protection of the League (Article 13). In disputes likely to lead to a rupture, and which are not submitted to arbitration, she can submit the matter to the Council by giving notice to the Secretary General. "If a report by the Council is unanimously agreed to by the members thereof other than the Representatives of the one or more of the parties to dispute, the Members of the League agree that they will not go to war with any party to the dispute, which complies with the recommendations of the report." This means that in case of a unanimous report by the Council excepting the parties to the dispute, she gains the protection of the League by compliance with the report or recommendation. If, however, the Council fails to render a unanimous report, then she can adopt what measures she pleases "for the maintenance of right and justice," which is tantamount to saying that she can make war, if she deems it fit and desirable. On the other hand, she can ask the Council to refer the matter to the Assembly if she does so within fourteen days after the submission of the dispute, in which case a report of all "the representatives of the Members of the League represented on the Council and of a majority of the other members of the League, exclusive in each case of the representatives of the parties to the dispute, shall have the same force as a report by the Council concurred in by all the members thereof other than the representatives of one or more of the parties to the dispute" (Article 15).

Finally, and what is equally as important as the right of appeal, she has the right of territorial integrity and political independence as guaranteed by Article 10:

"The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League. In case of any such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression the Council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled."

As Wilson remarked, this is the heart of the Covenant. "Article 10 seems to me to constitute the very backbone of the whole Covenant. Without it the League would be hardly more than an influential debating society."

"3

On the other hand, since rights and duties are correlatives, in acquiring these rights, she also incurs corresponding duties. By subscribing to the Preamble of the League which runs:

"in order to promote international coöperation and to achieve international peace and security by the acceptance of obligations not to resort to war, by the prescription of open, just and honorable relations between nations, by the firm establishment of the understandings of international law as the actual rule of conduct among governments, and by the maintenance of justice and a scrupulous respect for all treaty obligations in the dealings of organized peoples with one another, the High Contracting Parties agreed to this Covenant of the League of Nations,"

she places herself under obligation to observe, as far as feasible, the four ideals or methods of promoting international coöperation and peace, namely:

1. By the acceptance of obligations not to resort to

war;

2. By the prescription of open, just and honorable relations;

3. By the firm establishment of the understandings of international law as the actual rule of conduct among Governments, and

4. By the maintenance of justice and a scrupulous respect for all treaty obligations in the dealings of organized peoples with one another.

She also obligates herself to perform the necessary duties connected with the humanitarian tasks connected with labor legislation, colonial administration, traffic in women, children, opium and other dangerous drugs, freedom of communication and equitable treatment in international commerce, prevention of disease, and Red Cross. A

She further engages to bear the expenses of the Secretariat "in accordance with the apportionment of the expenses of the International Bureau of the Universal Postal Union" (Art. 6), which may include the expenses of any bureau or commission placed under the direction of the League (Art. 24). Without the concurrence of the Council, she is also not to exceed the limit of armament as recommended by the Council after she has adopted the recommendation. She is to interchange full and frank information as to the scale of her armaments, her military, naval, and air programs and the condition of such of her industries as are adaptable to war-like purposes (Art. 8). Should she become a mandatory for any colony she "shall render to the Council an annual report in reference to the territory committed to its charge" (Art. 22), besides observing the requirements as set forth in the mandate.

Respecting treaties, she must register every treaty or international engagement with the secretariat, and cause it to be published by the League as soon as possible, no treaty or international engagement being binding until so registered (Art. 18). This means that she cannot enter into any secret treaties or alliances, but must pre

scribe "open, just and honorable relations between nations." She further pledges not to conclude any treaty or agreement inconsistent with the terms of the League Covenant, and in case she has assumed obligations inconsistent therewith, she will take steps to obtain the necessary release therefrom. Article 20 reads:

"The Members of the League severally agree that this Covenant is accepted as abrogating all obligations or understandings inter se which are inconsistent with the terms thereof, and solemnly undertake that they will not hereafter enter into any engagements inconsistent with the terms thereof. In case any Member of the League shall, before becoming a Member of the League, have undertaken any obligations inconsistent with the terms. of this Covenant, it shall be the duty of such Member to take immediate steps to procure its release from such obligations."

Thus, by assuming this obligation, she recognizes the supremacy of the League Covenant, which is to govern all past, existing, and future treaties and international engagements.

In regard to the sanctions as provided in the Covenant, China obligates herself to participate in and contribute her share in the enforcement and application of these sanctions. She is to resort to diplomatic severance and economic boycott against the covenant-breaking state. She is to contribute her quota of the international force recommended by the Council. She is to render mutual assistance in economic and financial measures, to resist any special measures aimed at any one of their number by the covenant-breaking state, and to allow passage of troops to the coöperating forces. Article 16 dealing with the sanctions of the League reads:

"Should any Member of the League resort to war in disregard of its covenants under Articles XII, XIII or