1 NOTES TO CHAPTER IV 1. MacMurray, Treaties and Agreements with and Concerning China, 1911/2. 2. MacMurray, ibid., China Year Book, 1912, p. 288. 3. MacMurray, ibid., 1911/2. 4. MacMurray, ibid., 1913/5. 5. MacMurray, ibid., 1912/4. 6. For a full account, see F. H. Huang, Public Debts in China, ch. on The Reorganization Loan of 1913, pp. 56-71. 7. F. H. Huang, ibid., pp. 58-59; China Year Book, 1913, pp. 358-359. 8. MacMurray, op. cit., 1912/9; China Year Book, 1913, pp. 359-364. 9A. China Year Book, 1914, p. 379. 9B. U. S. For. Rel., 1913, pp. 170-171. 10. MacMurray, op. cit., 1913/5. 11. China Year Book, 1914, p. 387. 12. MacMurray, op. cit., 1912/11. 13. MacMurray, ibid., 1912/11. 14. Far Eastern Review, Jan., 1921, pp. 31-33. 15. MacMurray, op. cit., 1913/8. 16. MacMurray, 1913/10. 17. MacMurray, 1914/2. 18. MacMurray, 1895/5. 19. MacMurray, 1913/16. 20. It is to be observed here in this connection that later, on September 24, 1918, Japan secured the concession of these two railways, changing, however, Hanchuang to Hsuchowfu. 21. MacMurray, op. cit., 1913/12. 22. MacMurray, 1914/7. 23. MacMurray, 1914/7. 24. MacMurray, 1914/4. 25. The Chino-Japanese Negotiations, published by the Chinese Government, 1915, pp. 10-11. 26. MacMurray, op. cit., 1916/6. 40. MacMurray, 1914/12. 41. MacMurray, 1915/10. 42. The Shantung Question, officially presented by the Chinese Peace Delegation to the Paris Conference of 1919, published by the Chinese National Welfare Society, 1920, pp. 39-40. 43. The Chino-Japanese Negotiations, p. 19. 44. Ibid., pp. 19-21. 45. Ibid., p. 21. 46. Ibid., p. 21. 47. Millard, Democracy and the Eastern Question, Appendix, pp. 376-377. 48. The Chino-Japanese Negotiations, op. cit., p. 23. 49. Ibid., pp. 24-27. 50. Ibid., p. 27. 51. Ibid., pp. 28-29. 52. Ibid., p. 42. 53. Millard, op. cit., App., pp. 405-406. 54. The Chino-Japanese Negotiations, pp. 53-54. 55. B. L. Putnam Weale, The Fight for the Republic in China, p. 302. 56. The Shantung Question, p. 40; Millard, op. cit., pp. 55-96. 57. Ibid., pp. 97-100. 58. Ibid., p. 106. 59. Millard's Review, Supplement, July 17, 1920, China's Case at the Peace Conference, pp. 1-3. 60. The Shantung Question, App. to Vol. 2, No. 18, pp. 64-65. 61. W. R. Wheeler, China and the World War, pp. 93-94. 62. Millard, Democracy and the Eastern Question, p. 118 et seq. 63. For a detailed account of the Mission, see The Imperial Japanese Mission to the United States, 1917, pub. by the Carnegie Endowment for Internatl. Peace. 64. Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations in the United States Senate, 66th Congress, First Session, pp. 225226. 65. Millard, op. cit., p. 164. 66. Ibid., App. C, pp. 421-425. 67. For the full text of the claims, see Millard's Review, Supplement, July 17, 1920, China's Case at the Peace Conference, pp. 4-6. 68. For a full account, see Millard's Review, Supp., July 17, 1920, pp. 10-13. 69. For a full account, see Thomas W. Lamont, Preliminary Report on the New Consortium for China, 1920; also see below the chapters on the New International Banking Consortium. 70. During this period Chile entered into treaty relations with China on Feb. 18, 1915 (MacMurray, 1915/2), and Switzerland, on June 13, 1918 (MacMurray, 1918/8). PART II POLICIES OF THE GREAT POWERS IN CHINA V. THE POLICY OF RUSSIA VI. THE POLICY OF FRANCE VII. THE POLICY OF GERMANY VIII. THE POLICY OF GREAT BRITAIN IX. THE POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES V THE POLICY OF RUSSIA IN CHINA THE policy of Russia in China has been one of territorial expansion. She has pursued this policy persistently until checked by the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5, and interrupted by the Soviet Revolution of 1917. The objective behind her policy was to reach an ice-free seaport. Russia had attempted to approach the Mediterranean through the Balkan Peninsula, but had been definitely blocked, for the Great Powers considered her advance in that direction dangerous to the integrity of the Ottoman Empire, and to the balance of power in Europe. She had then attempted to reach the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean through Persia and Central Asia, but that door had been effectively closed by England. Thus frustrated, she finally concentrated all her energies on establishing a foothold on the Pacific. After the acquisition of the maritime province by the Treaty of 1860 with China, she built the city of Vladivostok facing the Pacific but that was ice-bound for part of the year. So she was compelled to turn southward toward North China. To carry out this policy astutely, she adopted a method of reaching her ends, which was unique and, at the same time, unscrupulous. That is, she always pretended to be the friend of the weaker state which she aimed to absorb or annex by extending the protection of her alliance to the latter. Having thus broken down the wall of distrust, she would then obtain strategic points or concessions as a preliminary to her final occupation or absorption. In addition,. did not hesitate to resort to corruption, in case f could open up the way to her. Expressed in the words of E. J. Dillon: 1 |