1818-Oregon.-The U.S.S. Ontario, dispatched from Washington, landed at the Columbia River and in August took possession. Britain had conceded sovereignty but Russia and Spain asserted claims to the area.

1820-23-Africa.-Naval units raided the slave traffic pursuant to the 1819 act of Congress.

1822-Cuba.-United States naval forces suppressing piracy landed on the northwest coast of Cuba and burned a pirate station.

1823-Cuba.-Brief landings in pursuit of pirates occurred April 8 near Escondido; April 16 near Cayo Blanco; July 11 at Siquapa Bay; July 21 at Cape Cruz; and October 23 at Camrioca.

1824-Cuba.-In October the U.S.S. Porpoise landed bluejackets near Matanzas in pursuit of pirates. This was during the cruise authorized in 1822.

1824-Puerto Rico (Spanish territory).-Commodore David Porter with a landing party attacked the town of Fajardo which had sheltered pirates and insulted American naval officers. He landed with 200 men in November and forced an apology.

1825-Cuba.-In March cooperating American and British forces landed at Sagua La Grande to capture pirates.

1827-Greece.-In October and November landing parties hunted pirates on the islands of Argenteire, Miconi, and Andross.

1831-32-Falkland Islands. To investigate the capture of three American sealing vessels and to protect American interests.

1832-Sumatra.—February 6 to 9.-To punish natives of the town of Quallah Battoo for depredations on American shipping.

1833-Argentina.—October 31 to November 15.-A force was sent ashore at Buenos Aires to protect the interests of the United States and other countries during an insurrection.

1835-36-Peru-December 10, 1835 to January 24, 1836, and August 31 to December 2, 1836.-Marines protected American interests in Callao and Lima during an attempted revolution.

1836-Mexico.-General Gaines occupied Nacogdoches (Tex.), disputed territory from July to December during the Texan war for independence, under orders to cross the "imaginary boundary line" if an Indian outbreak threatened. 1838-39-Sumatra December 24, 1838, to January 4, 1938.-To punish natives of the towns of Quallah Battoo and Muckie (Mukki) for depredations on American shipping.

1840 Fiji Islands—July.—To punish natives for attacking American exploring and surveying parties.

1841-Drummond Island, Kingsmill Group.-To avenge the murder of a seaman by the natives.

1841-Samoa-February 24.-To avenge the murder of an American seaman on Upolu Island. 1842-Mexico.-Commodore T. A. C. Jones, in command of a squadron long cruising off California, occupied Monterey, Calif., on October 19, believing war had come. He discovered peace, withdrew, and saluted. A similar incident occurred a week later at San Diego.

1843-Africa, November 29 to December 16.-Four United States vessels demonstrated and landed various parties (one of 200 marines and sailors) to discourage piracy and the slave trade along the Ivory coast, etc., and to punish attacks by the natives on American seamen and shipping.

1844-Mexico.-President Tyler deployed our forces to protect Texas against Mexico, pending Senate approval of a treaty of annexation. (Later rejected.) He defended his action against a Senate resolution of inquiry.

1846-48-Mexico, the Mexican War.-President Polk's occupation of disputed territory precipitated it. War formally declared.

1849-Smyrna.-In July a naval force gained release of an American seized by Austrian officials.

1851-Turkey.-After a massacre of foreigners (including Americans) at Jaffa in January, a demonstration by our Mediterranean Squadron was ordered along the Turkish (Levant) coast. Apparently no shots fired.

1851-Johanna Island (east of Africa), August.-To exact redress for the unlawful imprisonment of the captain of an American whaling brig.

1852-53—Argentina-February 3 to 12, 1852; September 17, 1852 to April (1) 1853.-Marines were landed and maintained in Buenos Aires to protect American interests during a revolution.

1853-Nicaragua-March 11 to 13.-To protect American lives and interests during political disturbances.

1853-54-Japan.-The "opening of Japan" and the Perry Expedition.

1853-54-Ryukyu and Bonin Islands.-Commodore Perry on three visits before going to Japan and while waiting for a reply from Japan made a naval demonstration, landing marines twice, and secured a coaling concession from the ruler of Naha on Okinawa. He also demonstrated in the Bonin Islands. All to secure facilities for commerce.

1854-China-April 4 to June 15 to 17.-To protect American interests in and near Shanghai during Chinese civil strife.

1854-Nicaragua-July 9 to 15.-San Juan del Norte (Greytown) was destroyed to avenge an insult to the American Minister to Nicaragua.

1855-China-May 19 to 21 (?). To protect American interests in Shanghai. August 3 to 5 to fight pirates near Hong Kong.

1855-Fiji Islands September 12 to November 4.-To seek reparations for depredations on Americans.

1855-Uruguay-November 25 to 29 or 30.-United States and European naval forces landed to protect American interests during an attempted revolution in Montevideo.

1856-Panama, Republic of New Grenada-September 19 to 22.-To protect American interests during an insurrection.

1856-China-October 22 to December 6.-To protect American interests at Canton during hostilities between the British and the Chinese; and to avenge an unprovoked assault upon an unarmed boat displaying the United States flag.

1857-Nicaragua-April to May, November to December.-To oppose William Walker's attempt to get control of the country. In May Commander C. H. Davis of the United States Navy, with some marines, received Walker's surrender and protected his men from the retaliation of native allies who had been fighting Walker. In November and December of the same year United States vessels Saratoga, Wabash, and Fulton opposed another attempt of William Walker on Nicaragua. Commodore Hiram Paulding's act of landing marines and compelling the removal of Walker to the United States, was tacitly disavowed by Secretary of State Lewis Cass, and Paulding was forced into retirement.

1858-Uruguay―January 2 to 27.-Forces from 2 United States warships landed to protect American property during a revolution in Montevideo.

1858-Fiji Islands-October 6 to 16.-To chastise the natives for the murder of two American citizens.

1858-59-Turkey.-Display of naval force along the Levant at the request of the Secretary of State after massacre of Americans at Jaffa and mistreatment elsewhere "to remind the authorities (of Turkey) *** of the power of the United States."

1859-Paraguay.-Congress authorized a naval squadron to seek redress for an attack on a naval vessel in the Parana River during 1855. Apologies were made after a large display of force.

1859-Mexico.-Two hundred United States soldiers crossed the Rio Grande in pursuit of the Mexican bandit Cortina.

1859-China-July 31 to August 2.-For the protection of American interests in Shanghai.

1860-Angola, Portuguese West Africa-March 1.-To protect American lives and property at Kissembo when the natives became troublesome.

1860-Colombia, Bay of Panama-September 27 to October 8.-To protect American interests during a revolution.

1863-Japan-July 16.—To redress an insult to the American flag-firing on an American vessel-at Shimonoseki.

1864-Japan-July 14 to August 3, approximately.-To protect the United States Minister to Japan when he visited Yedo to negotiate concerning some American claims against Japan, and to make his negotiations easier by impressing the Japanese with American power.

1864-Japan-September 4 to 14-Straits of Shimonoseki.-To compel Japan and the Prince of Nagato in particular to permit the Straits to be used by foreign shipping in accordance with treaties already signed.

1865-Panama-March 9 and 10.-To protect the lives and property of American residents during a revolution.

1866-Mexico.-To protect American residents, General Sedgwick and 100 men in November obtained surrender of Matamoras. After 3 days he was ordered by our Government to withdraw. His act was repudiated by the President.

1866—China-June 20 to July 7.-To punish an assault on the American consul at Newchwang; July 14, for consultation with authorities on shore; August 9, at Shanghai, to help extinguish a serious fire in the city.

1867-Island of Formosa-June 13.-To punish a horde of savages who were supposed to have murdered the crew of a wrecked American vessel.

1868-Japan (Osaka, Hiogo, Nagasaki, Yokohama, and Negata)—Mainly, February 4 to 8, April 4 to May 12, June 12 and 13.-To protect American interests during the civil war in Japan over the abolition of the Shogunate and the restoration of the Mikado.

1868—Uruguay-February 7 and 8, 19 to 26.-To protect foreign residents and the customhouse during an insurrection at Montevideo.

1868-Colombia—April 7—at Aspinwall.-To protect passengers and treasure in transit during the absence of local police or troops on the occasion of the death of the President of Colombia.

1870-Mexico, June 17 and 18.-To destroy the pirate ship Forward, which had been run aground about 40 miles up the Rio Tecapan.

1870-Hawaiian Islands-September 21.-To place the American flag at half mast upon the death of Queen Kalama, when the American consul at Honolulu would not assume responsibility for so doing.

1871-Korea-June 10 to 12.-To punish natives for depredations on Americans, particularly for murdering the crew of the General Sherman and burning the schooner, and for later firing on other American small boats taking soundings up the Salee River.

1873-Colombia (Bay of Panama)—May 7 to 22, September 23 to October 9.-To protect American interests during hostilities over possession of the government of the State of Panama.

1873—Mexico.-United States troops crossed the Mexican border repeatedly in pursuit of cattle and other thieves. There were some reciprocal pursuits by Mexican troops into our border territory. The cases were only technically invasions, if that, although Mexico protested constantly. Notable cases were at Remolina in May 1873 and at Las Cuevas in 1875. Washington orders often supported these excursions. Agreements between Mexico and the United States, the first in 1882, finally legitimized such raids. They continued intermittently, with minor disputes, until 1896.

1874-Hawaiian Islands-February 12 to 20.-To preserve order and protect American lives and interests during the coronation of a new king.

1876-Mexico-May 18.-To police the town of Matamoras temporarily while it was without other government.

1882-Egypt-July 14 to 18.-To protect American interests during warfare between British and Egyptians and looting of the city of Alexandria by Arabs. 1885—Panama (Colon)—January 18 and 19.—To guard the valuables in transit over the Panama Railroad, and the safes and vaults of the company during revolutionary activity. In March, April, and May in the cities of Colon and Panama, to reestablish freedom of transit during revolutionary activity.

1888-Korea-June. To protect American residents in Seoul during unsettled political conditions, when an outbreak of the populace was expected.

1888-89-Samoa-November 14, 1888, to March 20, 1889.-To protect American citizens and the consulate during a native civil war.

1888-Haiti-December 20.-To persuade the Haitian Government to give up an American steamer which had been seized on the charge of breach of blockade. 1889-Hawaiian Islands-July 30 and 31.-To protect American interests at Honolulu during a revolution.

1890-Argentina.-A naval party landed to protect our consulate and legation in Buenos Aires.

1891-Haiti.-To protect American lives and property on Navassa Island. 1891-Bering Sea-July 2 to October 5.-To stop seal poaching.

1891-Chile-August 28 to 30.-To protect the American consulate and the women and children who had taken refuge in it during a revolution in Valparaiso. 1893-Hawaii—January 16 to April 1.—Ostensibly to protect American lives and property; actually to promote a provisional government under Sanford B. Dole. This action was disavowed by the United States.

1894-Brazil-January.-To protect American commerce and shipping at Rio de Janeiro during a Brazilian civil war. No landing was attempted but there was a display of naval force.

1894-Nicaragua-July 6 to August 7.-To protect American interests at Bluefields following a revolution.

1894-96-Korea-July 24, 1894 to April 3, 1896.-To protect American lives and interests at Seoul during and following the Sino-Japanese War. A guard of marines was kept at the American legation most of the time until April 1896. 1894-95—China—Marines were stationed at Tientsin and penetrated to Peking for protection purposes during the Sino-Japanese War.

1894-95-China-Naval vessel beached and used as a fort at Newchwang for protection of American nationals.

1895-Colombia-March 8 to 9.-To protect American interests during an attack on the town of Bocas del Toro by a bandit chieftain.

1896-Nicaragua-May 2 to 4.-To protect American interests in Corinto during political unrest.

1898-Nicaragua-February 7 and 8.-To protect American lives and property at Suan Juan del Sur.

1898-Spain.-The Spanish-American War. Fully declared.

1898-99 China-November 5, 1898, to March 15, 1899.—To provide a guard for the legation at Peking and the consulate at Tientsin during contest between the Dowager Empress and her son.

1899-Nicaragua.-To protect American interests at San Juan del Norte, February 22 to March 5, and at Bluefields a few weeks later in connection with the insurrection of Gen. Juan P. Reyes.

1899-Samoa-March 13 to May 15.-To protect American interests and to take part in a bloody contention over the succession to the throne.

1899-1901-Philippine Islands.-To protect American interests following the war with Spain, and to conquer the islands by defeating the Filipinos in their war for independence.

1900-China-May 24 to September 28.-To protect foreign lives during the Boxer rising, particularly at Peking. For many years after this experience a permanent legation guard was maintained in Peking, and was strengthened at times as trouble threatened. It was still there in 1934.

1901-Colombia (State of Panama)—November 20 to December 4.-To protect American property on the Isthmus and to keep transit lines open during serious revolutionary disturbances.

1902-Colombia—April 16 to 23.—To protect American lives and property at Bocas del Toro during a civil war.

1902-Colombia (State of Panama)-September 17 to November 18.-To place armed guards on all trains crossing the Isthmus and to keep the railroad line open. 1903-Honduras-March 23 to 30 or 31.—To protect the American consulate and the steamship wharf at Puerto Cortez during a period of revolutionary activity.

1903-Dominican Republic-March 30 to April 21.-To protect American interests in the city of Santo Domingo during a revolutionary outbreak.

1903-Syria-September 7 to 12.-To protect the American consulate in Beirut when a local Moslem uprising was feared.

1903-14-Panama.-To protect American interests and lives during and following the revolution for independence from Colombia over construction of the Isthmian Canal. With brief intermissions, United States Marines were stationed on the Isthmus from November 4, 1903, to January 21, 1914, to guard American interests.

1904-Dominican Republic―January 2 to February 11.-To protect American interests in Puerto Plata and Sosua and Santo Domingo City during revolutionary fighting.

1904-5-Korea-January 5, 1904, to November 11, 1905.-—To guard the American Legation in Seoul.

1904-Tangier, Morocco.-"We want either Perdicaris alive or Raisuli dead." Demonstration by a squadron to force release of a kidnaped American. Marine guard landed to protect consul general.

1904-Panama-November 17 to 24.-To protect American lives and property at Ancon at the time of a threatened insurrection.

1904-05-Korea.-Marine guard sent to Seoul for protection during RussoJapanese War.

1906-9-Cuba-September 1906 to January 23, 1909.-Intervention to restore order, protect foreigners, and establish a stable government after serious revolutionary activity.

1907-Honduras-March 18 to June 8.-To protect American interests during a war between Honduras and Nicaragua; troops were stationed for a few days or weeks in Trujillo, Ceiba, Puerto Cortez, San Pedro, Laguna, and Choloma.

1910-Nicaragua-February 22.-During a civil war, to get information of conditions at Corinto; May 19 to September 4, to protect American interests at Bluefields.

1911-Honduras-January 26 and some weeks thereafter.-To protect American lives and interests during a civil war in Honduras.

1911-China.-Approaching stages of the nationalist revolution. An ensign and 10 men in October tried to enter Wuchang to rescue missionaries but retired on being warned away.

A small landing force guarded American private property and consulate at Hankow in October.

A marine guard was established in November over the cable stations at Shanghai.

Landing forces were sent for protection to Nanking, Chinkiang, Taku and elsewhere.

1912—Honduras.-Small force landed to prevent seizure by the Government of an American-owned railroad at Puerto Cortez. Forces withdrawn after the United States disapproved the action.

1912-Panama.-Troops, on request of both political parties, supervised elections outside the Canal Zone.

1912-Cuba.-June 5 to August 5.-To protect American interests on the Province of Oriente, and in Habana.

1912—China-August 24 to 26, on Kentucky Island, and August 26 to 30 at Camp Nicholson.-To protect Americans and American interests during revolutionary activity.

1912-Turkey-November 18 to December 3.-To guard the American legation at Constantinople during a Balkan War.

1912-25-Nicaragua-August to November 1912.-To protect American interests during an attempted revolution. A small force serving as a legation guard and as a promoter of peace and governmental stability, remained until August 5, 1925. 1912-41-China.-The disorders which began with the Kuomintang rebellion in 1912, which were redirected by the invasion of China by Japan and finally ended by war between Japan and the United States in 1941, led to demonstrations and landing parties for the protection of U.S. interests in China continuously and at many points from 1912 on to 1941. The guard at Peking and along the route to the sea was maintained until 1941. In 1927, the United States had 5,670 troops ashore in China and 44 naval vessels in its waters. In 1933 we had 3,027 armed men ashore. All this protective action was in general terms based on treaties with China ranging from 1858 to 1901.

1913-Mexico-September 5 to 7.-A few marines landed at Ciaris Estero to aid in evacuating American citizens and others from the Yaqui Valley, made dangerous for foreigners by civil strife.

1914-Haiti-January 29 to February 9, February 20 to 21, October 19.-To protect American nationals in a time of dangerous unrest.

1914-Dominican Republic-June and July.-During a revolutionary movement, United States naval forces by gunfire stopped the bombardment of Puerto Plata, and by threat of force maintained Santo Domingo City as a neutral zone. 1914-17-Mexico.-The undeclared Mexican-American hostilities following the Dolphin affair and Villa's raids included capture of Vera Cruz and later Pershing's expedition into northern Mexico.

1915-34-Haiti―July 28, 1915, to August 15,1934.-To maintain order during a period of chronic and threatened insurrection.

1916-24-Dominican Republic-May 1916 to September 1924.-To maintain order during a period of chronic and threatened insurrection. 1917-18.-World War I. Fully declared.

1917-22-Cuba.-To protect American interests during an insurrection and subsequent unsettled conditions. Most of the United States armed forces left Cuba by August 1919, but two companies remained at Camaguey until February

1922.

1918-19-Mexico.-After withdrawal of the Pershing expedition, our troops entered Mexico in pursuit of bandits at least three times in 1918 and six in 1919. In August 1918 American and Mexican troops fought at Nogales.

1918-20-Panama. -For police duty according to treaty stipulations, at Chiriqui, during election disturbances and subsequent unrest.

1918-20-Soviet Russia.-Marines were landed at and near Vladivostok in June and July to protect the American consulate and other points in the fighting between the Bolsheviki troops and the Czech Army which had traversed Siberia from the western front. A joint proclamation of emergency government and neutrality was issued by the American, Japanese, British, French, and Czech commanders in July and our party remained until late August.

In August the project expanded. Then 7,000 men were landed in Vladivostok and remained until January 1920, as part of an allied occupation force.

In September 1918, 5,000 American troops joined the allied intervention force at Archangel, suffered 500 casualties and remained until June 1919.