... palace. So feasted they all day till the setting of the sun; nor was their soul aught stinted of the fair banquet, nor of the beauteous lyre that Apollo held. . . . Now when the bright light of the sun was set, these went each to his own house to sleep, where each one had his palace made with cunning device by famed Hephaestus." h. The Visit of Odysseus to Hades. Odysseus was permitted, while yet alive, to visit the homes of the dead; and first he "besought the tribes of the dead in vows and prayers" and offered sacrifice to them; and then about him came "the spirits of . . . old men of many and evil days, and tender maidens . . . and many. wounded with bronze-shod spears, men slain in fight with their bloody mail about them." And among them was the spirit of his mother; but when he tried to embrace her, she flitted away like " shadow" or " a dream." Among the rest he saw Achilles, who told him: "Rather would I live upon the earth as the hireling or the landless man, who has no great livelihood, than bear sway among all the dead." STUDY ON f, g, h, REFERRING ALSO TO 2. a What did the Greeks believe (a) about the number, (b) about the power, (c) about the relative rank of their gods? What part or parts of the world seemed to them under divine direction? It is said that the Greek gods were anthropomorphic, or like men: prove it from the text. How were they like men? How unlike? How did the Greeks believe they could please or persuade their gods? Discover their will? What spirit seemed to pervade their worship? Look over previous work, and find additional facts to prove what you have said. What difference between the Greek, the Egyptian, and the Assyrian gods? Find three things that the Greeks believed of the future state. B. STUDY ON HISTORIC GREECE, OR HELLAS, 776-500. I. General Hellenic Development. II. Studies of Special States. 1. The Constitution and Laws of Sparta. 2. The Development of the Athenian Constitution. Principal contemporary sources of history: Herodotus; lyric poets of period; monuments and remains at Olympia, at Pæstum, Poseidonia, Agrigentum, and other places in Sicily and Southern Italy; at Ephesus, Assos; in Samos, and other islands of the Ægæan. Other principal original sources: Thucydides, Plutarch, Aristotle, Xenophon. Chief modern authorities: Grote, Curtius. Note on the Map. In Illyria were to be found cattle and slaves, bitumen, timber, and silver; in exchange for these, the Greeks gave the Illyrians salt and salt-fish, oil and wine; while to the Illyrian chiefs they gave the finely woven wool of Miletus, the famous pottery of Corcyra, or wrought ornaments of gold and silver, whose material had come, perhaps, from the rich mines of Thrace. The lands about Cyrene and about the Italian and Sicilian towns, as well as the whole of Asia Minor, were rich in cattle and wheat, in wine and oil. From Athens went figs and olives, pottery and silver; from Chalcis, famous swords of bronze, wrought from the copper and iron of the neighboring mines; from Corinth, pottery and bronze, and the best-built ships. The colonies about the Black Sea were mostly the daughter-cities of Miletus; to those on the southern shore, flocked the caravans of Assyria and India; to those on the east, the Phasis washed down the gold of Caucasus; to those on the north and west, came wheat and timber, flocks and herds, and Scythian gold. STUDY ON THE MAP AND NOTE. What part of each country is occupied by the Greeks? What objects do you fancy the Greeks have in founding colonies? Why should they choose the locations in which we find them? Which of the occupations of Homeric Greece seem to have become predominant, judging from the map? What occupations support this one? Which of the Greek races lead in this occupation? What effect has this occupation on the unity of Greek territory? Why? What waters are familiar to the Greeks? Name four of their colonies that seem peculiarly important to you by their position. Which of them are placed where important modern cities now stand? Which one would you choose as the most important of all, and why? Why are so many placed at the mouths of rivers? Make a list of the occupations and trades evidently known to the Greeks at this time. What occupations seem to be most prevalent among the people living near the Greek colonies, and what do you judge their state of civilization to have been? What effect will the colonies have upon these people? B. I. Study of General Hellenic Development, 776-490 B.C 1. CLASSES OF PEOPLE FOUND IN GREECE. a. In Laconia. Spartans, descendants of the Dorians who conquered Peloponnesus; they hold the best land, govern, determine peace and war, lead in battle and share its spoils. They are supported by the produce of their own land, which is worked for them by Helots, or serfs; and the only occupation allowed them is that of war. Perioci, descendants of the original inhabitants of Laconia. They serve the Spartans in war, but are otherwise free, and engage in all sorts of occupations. Helots; these are serfs whose duty it is to till the land owned by the Spartan state. b. In Attica. Ionians, descended from Ionian conquerors of Athens; position in Attica similar to that of Spartans in Laconia, but allowed to engage in various occupations. Metics, the free non-Ionian inhabitants of Attica, protected by its laws but having no share in its government. Slaves, the personal and private property of the inhabitants of Attica; that is, belonging to individuals, for whom they perform all sorts of service and labor. Similar classes, with local differences, are found in all the Greek states. In each state the ruling class believes itself descended from some common ancestor of divine or heroic birth, whom they honor with games, festivals, and sacrifices. Thus, all the Dorians honor Heracles, and all the Ionians, Ion, the son of Apollo; each tribe of Ionians or Dorians has, moreover, its own special ancestor, whom all its members may worship in common. 2. LIST OF LEADING EVENTS OF THE PERIOD. 776. The Olympic Era.-The Olympic games were celebrated in honor of Olympian Zeus, at his temple at Olympia, in Elis. They consisted in contests in running, leaping, throwing the disk, boxing, and wrestling, and afterward, chariot racing became an important feature. The prize of victory was simply a wreath of the wild olive. Sparta arranged with Elis the laws for the games, to which only Greeks were admitted. Statues were erected to the victors, of which the historian Pausanias, visiting Olympia in the second century B.C., mentions 200 as noteworthy from a much larger number. During the time of the games, truce was proclaimed in all the states whose citizens were engaged at Olympia. In 776, the records of victors in these games began to be kept, and from this year the Greeks reckoned time by Olympiads, or periods of four years each; for instance, an event occurring by our chronology in 770 B.C. would be dated by them as belonging to the second Olympiad. 776 ΤΟ 600. The Spartans conquer Messenia whose inhabitants either emigrate or become Spartan Helots. Those emigrating to Sicily found Messana. The Spartans also conquer a mountain frontier for themselves from Arcadia; Syracuse, Tarentum, Massalia, Corcyra, Cyrene, and most of the other Greek colonies, are founded during this period. Egypt is opened to Greek merchants, who also find their way to Spain, and bring thence an |