Cultures in Contact: World Migrations in the Second MillenniumDuke University Press, 2002年11月21日 - 779 頁 A landmark work on human migration around the globe, Cultures in Contact provides a history of the world told through the movements of its people. It is a broad, pioneering interpretation of the scope, patterns, and consequences of human migrations over the past ten centuries. In this magnum opus thirty years in the making, Dirk Hoerder reconceptualizes the history of migration and immigration, establishing that societal transformation cannot be understood without taking into account the impact of migrations and, indeed, that mobility is more characteristic of human behavior than is stasis. Signaling a major paradigm shift, Cultures in Contact creates an English-language map of human movement that is not Atlantic Ocean-based. Hoerder describes the origins, causes, and extent of migrations around the globe and analyzes the cultural interactions they have triggered. He pays particular attention to the consequences of immigration within the receiving countries. His work sweeps from the eleventh century forward through the end of the twentieth, when migration patterns shifted to include transpacific migration, return migrations from former colonies, refugee migrations, and distinct regional labor migrations in the developing world. Hoerder demonstrates that as we enter the third millennium, regional and intercontinental migration patterns no longer resemble those of previous centuries. They have been transformed by new communications systems and other forces of globalization and transnationalism. |
內容
Worlds in Motion Cultures in Contact | 1 |
12 Changing Paradigms and New Approaches | 8 |
New Paradigms | 10 |
Parameters of Mobility and Migration | 14 |
13 Migrants as Actors and a Systems Approach | 15 |
A Comprehensive Theoretical Perspective | 16 |
The Mesolevel Approach to Migrant Decision Making | 19 |
The JudeoChristianIslamic Mediterranean and Eurasian Worlds to the 1500s | 23 |
131 Central Asian Peoples and Expansion into Siberia | 307 |
132 Rural Colonization and Urban Migrations 17001861 | 309 |
The South Russian Plains the Urals and the Don Basin | 311 |
Migration and the Growth of the Cities | 312 |
Internal Migration in Industrializing Russia after Emancipation | 315 |
134 The NineteenthCentury Siberian Frontier and Chinese Mongolia | 318 |
135 Leaving the Orbit of the RussoSiberian System before 1914 | 322 |
The Emigration of RussianGermans and Mennonites | 325 |
Antecedents Migration and Population Changes in the MediterraneanAsian Worlds | 27 |
21 The AfroEurasian World | 28 |
CrossCultural Encounters | 30 |
23 PrePlague Migrations in Mediterranean and Transalpine Europe | 38 |
Mediterranean Slavery | 40 |
The Jewish Diaspora | 42 |
Norman Societies | 44 |
Crusaders and Prankish Settlement in Palestine | 45 |
Muslims in alAndalus | 48 |
Conquest and Resettlement on the Iberian Peninsula | 51 |
Settlement in the Wendish Slavic Territories | 53 |
24 Population Growth and Decline | 55 |
Continuities Mobility and Migration from the Eleventh to the Sixteenth Century | 59 |
31 Itinerancy at the Top of Dynastic Society | 60 |
Itinerant Administrators | 61 |
Warfaring Mercenaries | 62 |
32 Migrations of Rural People and Servants | 65 |
Migration and Relocation in Agriculture | 68 |
Laborers and Servants | 71 |
Wayfaring Men and Women | 72 |
33 The Urban World of Commerce and Production | 75 |
Merchant Routes and Trader Settlements | 76 |
Marriage and Mobility among the Common People | 79 |
Traveling Journeymen and OutofTown Maids | 81 |
Masons Lodges and Miners Migrations | 84 |
34 Pilgrims and Clerics Wanderings Stimulated by Devotion and Curiosity | 86 |
The End of Intercivilizational Contact and the Economics of Religious Expulsions | 92 |
Expulsion of Muslims | 93 |
AntiJewish Pogroms and Expulsions | 95 |
Christians against Christians | 101 |
Ottoman Society Europe and the Beginnings of Colonial Contact | 108 |
51 Ethnic Coexistence in Ottoman Society | 109 |
Migration and the Peoples of the Empire | 110 |
The Nonethnic Structures of a Multiethnic Empire | 114 |
52 ManyCultured Renaissance Europe | 117 |
Scholars and Artists TransEuropean Migrations | 118 |
The Medieval and Early Modern Concept of Natio | 120 |
Centralization versus Localism | 122 |
53 From the Iberian Peninsula to SubSaharan Africa and across the Atlantic | 125 |
African Slavery in Europe | 126 |
Expansion to SubSaharan Africa and Asia | 129 |
Early Contact with the Americas | 131 |
Other Worlds and European Colonialism to the Eighteenth Century | 135 |
Africa and the Slave Migration Systems | 139 |
61 Migration and the Mixing of Peoples in SubSaharan Africa to the Sixteenth Century | 140 |
62 Merchant Communities and Ethnogenesis | 145 |
The Atlantic Slave Trade to the Nineteenth Century | 149 |
Slavery in the Islamic and Asian Worlds | 157 |
65 The Transformation of Slavery in Atlantic and Muslim Africa | 160 |
TradePosts and Colonies in the World of the Indian Ocean | 163 |
72 Parsees Jews Armenians and Other Traders | 175 |
73 Portuguese TradePosts Spanish Manila Chinese Merchants | 176 |
74 Slavery and Eurasian Society under Dutch Colonial Rule | 181 |
75 Colonizing Cores Global Reach and the British Shift to Territorial Rule | 183 |
Latin America Population Collapse and Resettlement | 187 |
82 Iberian Migration and Settlement | 191 |
83 Early Exploitation and Enslavement in the Caribbean | 194 |
84 The First Transpacific Migration System | 199 |
85 Ethnogenesis in Latin America | 200 |
86 Internal Migrations in the Colonial Societies | 205 |
Fur Empires and Colonies of Agricultural Settlement | 211 |
91 Fur Empires in North America and Siberia | 212 |
Native Peoples and Colonization | 215 |
93 Forced Bound and Free Migrations | 216 |
Settlement Migration in Stages | 221 |
The African Cape and Australia | 227 |
Forced Labor Migration in and to the Americas | 234 |
10 1 The Forced Immobility and Mobility of Native Labor in Spanish America | 235 |
102 The Atlantic Slave Trade and African Slavery in Spanish America | 240 |
103 Enslaved and Free Africans in Portuguese Brazil | 244 |
104 SlaveBased Societies in the Caribbean | 248 |
105 African Slavery in AngloAmerica | 253 |
Migration and Conversion Worldviews Material Culture Racial Hierarchies | 257 |
111 EuroAtlantic Society Reconstructs Its Worldview | 259 |
112 Material Culture in Everyday Life | 264 |
113 New Peoples and Global Racism | 270 |
Intercontinental Migration Systems to the Nineteenth Century | 275 |
Europe Internal Migrations from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century | 277 |
12 1 Continuities and New Patterns from Medieval to Modern Migrations | 278 |
122 Rural Colonization and Enclosure | 281 |
Colonization of Marginal Lands Nearby | 283 |
Colonization of Distant Vacated Lands | 284 |
The English Case | 287 |
123 Regional Labor Migration Systems 16505 to 1830s | 288 |
Labor Migration Systems 1650s to 1750s | 289 |
Labor Migration Systems 1750s to 18305 | 293 |
124 Urbanization and Migrations | 294 |
Artisans Merchants and Refugees | 296 |
Immigrants in the Cities | 301 |
125 Bourgeois Revolution Nation and Political Exile | 303 |
The RussoSiberian Migration System | 306 |
The Other America or Bolshevik Dictatorship | 328 |
The Proletarian Mass Migrations in the Atlantic Economies | 331 |
Family Economies in Crisis | 332 |
The Division of Europe | 333 |
Britain and the Germanies | 336 |
Irish People Poles Jews and Italians | 339 |
Village Economies in Worldwide Labor Markets | 343 |
142 The Proletarian Mass Migration | 344 |
Immigrant Societies Multiethnic Cities | 346 |
North American Immigrant and AfroAmerican Migrations | 351 |
Migration to Dependent Economies in Latin America | 357 |
143 Transcultural Identities and Acculturation in the Age of NationStates | 361 |
The Asian Contract Labor System 1830s to 1920s and Transpacific Migration | 366 |
151 Traditional and New Patterns of Bondage | 367 |
Internal and ColonizerImposed Causes of Migration in Three Societies | 369 |
152 The Asian Contract Labor System | 376 |
The Example of India under British Rule | 380 |
154 Coolie and Passenger Migrations in Asia and to Africa | 384 |
Free Migrants Indentured Workers and Imperial Auxiliaries in Southeast Asia | 389 |
155 The Second Pacific Migration System | 393 |
Contract Labor in the Caribbean and South America | 394 |
Free and Bound Migrations to North America | 398 |
156 Racism and Exclusion | 400 |
Imperial Interest Groups and Subaltern Cultural Assertion | 405 |
161 Colonial Spaces in Africa | 407 |
162 From the African Diaspora to the Black Atlantic | 413 |
163 The Sociology of White Imperial Migrations | 419 |
Men of Commercial State and Cultural Gatekeeper Elites | 420 |
Colonizer Masculinity | 423 |
Auxiliaries and Elites | 424 |
Gender Sex and Children | 426 |
Daughters of the Empire or Imperial Mothers | 427 |
Intimate Life and the Construction of the Others | 429 |
Imperial Men Access to Women and Children of Mixed Origin | 430 |
The Bodies of Laboring Men and Women | 433 |
Subaltern Cultures and Racialized Diasporas | 436 |
New Laborers and Racialized Diasporas | 437 |
Proletarian Mass Migrations and Labor Militancies | 439 |
TwentiethCentury Changes | 443 |
Forced Labor and Refugees in the Northern Hemisphere to the 1950s | 445 |
171 Power Struggles and the UnMixing of Peoples | 446 |
The End of Ethnic Coexistence in Ottoman Turkey | 447 |
Central and Eastern Europe | 450 |
Empire and Autonomy | 454 |
Political Emigration and Jewish Flight under Fascism | 456 |
172 The New Labor Regimentation | 461 |
Free Migration and Forced Labor in the USSR | 463 |
From Forced Labor to Slave Labor in Wartime Germany | 468 |
173 Population Transfers 193945 and After | 472 |
Population Transfers and Prisoners of War up to 1945 | 473 |
Flight Expulsion and Migration in Postwar Europe | 478 |
174 Imperialism Forced Labor and Relocation in Asia | 480 |
Imperial Japan and CivilWar China to the 1930s | 481 |
Forced Labor War Refugees | 483 |
Between the Old and the New 1920s to 1950s | 489 |
181 Peasant Settlement from Canada to Manchuria | 490 |
Jewish Migrants Arab Refugees | 496 |
183 Decolonization and Reverse Migrations | 499 |
Racialized Labor Mobility in South Africa | 504 |
New Migration Systems since the 1960s | 508 |
191 Migrant Strategies and Root Causes | 509 |
Refugees and Root Causes | 513 |
The Feminization of Migration | 517 |
Labor Migrants as Guest Workers and Foreigners | 519 |
193 Multicultured and Multicolored Immigration to North America | 523 |
The Caribbean Central America and South America | 526 |
The Third Phase of Pacific Migrations | 532 |
196 IntraAsian Migrations and Diasporas | 536 |
197 Labor Migration to the Oil Economies of the Persian Gulf | 546 |
198 IntraAfrican Labor and Refugee Migrations | 550 |
Internal Migrations and Post1989 Changes | 559 |
Intercultural Strategies and Closed Doors in the 1990s | 564 |
201 From Multiethnic Polities to the UnMixing of Peoples into NationStates and Decolonization | 565 |
Modern Migrations | 571 |
203 Citizenship in a Postnational World versus Global Apartheid | 574 |
204 Multiple Identities and Transcultural Everyday Lives | 578 |
Notes | 583 |
Selected Bibliography | 717 |
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