Khalifa (see Caliphs).
Khalil Sultan, 173-76.
Khamil (Hami), 15.
Khanikoff, cited 207 note, passim.
Khānsälär, definition, 141 note.
Kharashar, 21.
Khārijites, 78, 80, 81.

Khatun, Princess, 40-42.
Khatun Turkān, 133.

Khazars, force sent against Darbend,
31.

Khazim ibn Khuzayma, 90, 91, 93.
Khidhr Khan, 121.
Khita'i, 115 note.

Khitan, definition, 150 note.
Khitays (Khita'i) harassed by Kara-
Khanides, 115, 120.
Khiva (Khwärazm) — definition of
Khwārazm, 233 note; Persians de-
feated by Ibn Amir, 38; Mufaddhal's
expeditions against, 44; Chighãn
aided by Kutayba, 60; conquered
by Mahmud, 123; by Seljuks, 136;
anarchy in, 138; Khwārazm Shāhs,
136, 144-48; tribute paid to Kara-
Khitays, 147; conquered by Chin-
giz, 159; overrun by Abu-l-Khayr,
184; conquered by Shaybani Khan,
184; made an independent prin-
cipality, 193; revolt against Bok-
hārā, 197; invasion of Bokhārā
and subservience to, 198; conflict
with Haydar, 209; conquered
by Nadir Shah, 202; Nasrullah's
hostile relations with, 216; war
with Turkomans, 269; Russian
conquest, Cossack invasion, 239;
expedition against, 244; treaty
concluded, 245; negotiations in
reign of Peter the Great, 240-42 ;
treacherous conduct of Khivans,
241; Bokharan campaign joined
by Khiva, 250; final conquest, 258.
Khodaydad, revolt against Khalil
Sultan, 175.

118;

of, 105; Ghaznavide rule,
Seljuk rule, 127; ravaged by Atziz,
139; laid waste by Ghuz, 142;
acquired by Khwārazm-Shāhs, 144;
overrun by Chingiz, 159, 233;
acquired by Shah Rukh, 174; in
possession of Husayn Mirzā, 184;
conquered by Shaybānī Khan, 185;
by Shah Ismail, 185; by 'Abdullah
11., 192; incursions by Maʼsùm,
207; overrun by Tekkes, 271, 284;
famine, 284.

Khorazmia, 4 (see also Khwārazm and
Khiva).

Khorzad, 60.

Kiphin (see Kandahār).
Kirghiz, origin and haunts of, 242;
characteristics, 365; conflict with
Cossacks, 239; submission of
Middle Horde to Russia, 242;
raids on caravans, 243.
Kitolo, 20.

Kizil Arvat, workshops, 342.
Klaproth, cited 116 note.
Kobād, 26-29.
Kokand-invaded by Mozaffar ud-
Din, 221; Kipchak rebellion against
Khuda Yär, 220-21; Bokhārā suze-
rain over, 215, 216; Russian
conquest, Ak Mechet taken, 245;
Chimkent stormed, 246; Tashkent
attacked and taken, 247-49; in-
vasion of, and annexation, 259-61.

and routed, 302; Askabad founded

by, 345.
Kophin, 21.

Koran, the, 36.
Krasnovodsk, 340.

Kubilay Khan, founder of Yuen
dynasty, 182.

Kuchinji Khan, 189; descent, 190.
Kühistan, Turks defeated by Arabs
at, 39.

Kulchanoff, Colonel, 404 note.
Kung-fu-tse (Confucius), 14 note.
Kurapatkine, Colonel Alexis, sent with
reinforcements to General Skobe-
leff, 290; sketch of career, 323;
policy of Russia in Central Asia,
338 and Appendix II.
Kurd (Kāwurd, Kādurd, Cawder),
131 note.
Kurmaghanun, Prince, 51.
Kürsül, 77.

Kushans (see Yué-Chi).
Kutayba ibn Muslim el-Bahili,
appointed governor of Khorasan,
44, 46; expeditions to Bokhārā,
46-55; Nizek's rebellion, 56-59;
hostages of king of Jūzajan put to
death, 59; Chighän aided, 60;
Soghdiana invaded, 60; Shash,
Khojend, and Kashan reduced,
61; first Arab leader to establish
Islam in place of Zoroastrian
religion, 45; zeal for Islām, 66;
Kashghar conquered, 62; fall and
death, 63-66.

Kutb ed-Din Mohammad, 136, 137.
Kuthik, 194.

Kwei-shuang (see Yué-Chi).

Mahmud ibn Melik, 133.
Mahmud Khān, 122.

Mahmud of Ghazna, 117, 118, 125-26.
Malcolm, cited 24, 104 notes, passim.
Ma'mun, 95, 96, 98-102.

Mangit dynasty (see under Uzbegs).
Mansur el-Himyari, 95.
Mansur I., 112.

Marcanda (see Samarkand).
Margiana, annexed by Cyrus I., 4;
overrun by Alexander the Great,
8; Greeks deprived of, 18 (see
also Merv).

Marvin, cited 270 note.
Maslama, 70.
Massagetæ, 4.

Mas'ud ibn Mahmud, 126–28.
Mas'ud ibn Mohammad, 178.
Mas'ud Khan, 121.

Ma'sum (Shah Murad), 205-8, 384

note.

Mausoleum of Sanjar, 142.
Mavara-un-Nahr (see Transoxiana).
Maymena, 8.

Mazdak, 27, 28, 29.
Mecklenburg, Grand Dukes of, descent
claimed from Wends, 226 note.
Medina, Mohammed's flight to, 35.
Mekka, capital of Arabia, 34;
Mohammed's flight from, 35.
Melik Shāh, 121, 131-33.
Melik Shah II., 134.
Mencius (Meng-tse), 14 note.
Meruchak, 8.

Merv, "Queen of the World," origin
of title, 44 note; custom regarding
naming of children, 42; capital of
Khorasan under Arab rule, 42, 45;
Muhallab, governor of, 43, 44;
Yezid, governor of, 44; entry of
Abu Muslim into, 82; standard of
Harith set up in, 79; made capital
of Caliphate, 99; laid waste by
Ghuz, 142; conquered by Ma'sum,
206; Russia made suzerain over,
298; railway to Samarkand, 310-
313; branch of railway to Kushk,
317; irrigation of, 206, 333;
general description, 265, 349-56.
Merv er-Rud, storming of, 57.

Merwan I., 43.

Merwan, governor of 'Irak, 82, 85.
Meyendorf, cited 244 note.

Mu'ayyad, governor of Nishāpūr, 145.
Mu'ayyad ud-Dawlé, 133.
Mu'áz ibn Muslim, 94.
Mufaddhal, 44.

Mughal, first use of word, 150.
Muhallab, 42, 43.

Muir, cited 38 note, passim.
Mukim Khan, 199.

Muktadi, Caliph, death of, 134.
Mulabbab esh-Shay bāni, 90.
Müller, cited 39 note, passim.
Murghäb, the, 333-35.
Musayyah ibn Zobayr, 94.
Muslim ibn Sa'id, the Kiläbite, 71.
Mu'tadhid, 109-10.

Mu'tamid, Caliph, 104-05.
Mutawakkil, Caliph, 103.
Muwaffak, 104, 105.

Muzaffar ud-Din (Sayyid Muzaffar
ud-Din), 219-21.

NADIR SHAH, 200-3, 267.
Nahāvend, Zoroastrians defeated by
Arabs at, 37; captured by Hashi-
mite troops, 84.

Nakshabandi, order of dervishes, 170

note.

Naphthalites (see Ephthalites).

Narshakhi, cited 41, 42, 43 notes,
passim.

Nasir, Caliph, 157.

Nasr ibn Ahmed, 105-8.

Nasr ibn Sayyar, 75, 77-83.

Nasrullah Khan, 211-19.

räsän), 94.

Mokhallad, 68.

Molla Khan, 220.
Mongols early history, 150; divi-
sions of, 151; religions, 152;
civilisation of, attributed to Tata-
tungo, 155; nomadic habits, 161,
162, 232; invasion of Central
Asia, 155-60; Russia invaded,
233; influence on Russian char-
acter and characteristics, 234;
dissensions among, 234; Russian
attempts to throw off Mongol
yoke, 235; decline of power, 236.
Moscow, rise of, 234; Mongol
attacks on, 235, 236, 237.
Moser, cited 262 note, passim.
Mostadhhir, 134.

Mothé, 15.

Nawruz Ahmed, 191 note.
Nazir Mohammad, 196.
Nestorius, followers persecuted by
Tamerlane, 397.

Ney, cited 249, 257 notes, passim.
Nicator (Seleucus 1.), 10.
Nijni Novogorod, building of, 231;
a principality, 234.
Nishapur, conquest
ascribed to

Shapur, 23; passim.
Nizak Tarkhūn, 39.
Nizām ul-Mulk (Hasam ibn 'Ali),
131, 132.

Nizek, peace concluded with Kutayba,
47; rebellion and death, 56-59.
Nöldeke, cited 22 note, passim.
Novogorod, a republic, 230; added
to Russia by Vassili III., 236;
Vladimir of, 229.

'Omar Shaykh, 178.
'Omāra ibn Horaym, 73.
Omsk acquired by Russia, 242.
Orenburg, founding of, and importance
for caravans, 242; defective as
basis for expeditions, 245.
Orkhon inscriptions, 29 note.
Oshrusana, 95.

Perofski, Count, expedition against
Khiva, 243, 244.

Persepolis, plundered by Alexander, 5.
Persia-Bactria annexed to, 4; con-

quered by Alexander the Great, 4;
condition in third century, 22;
Ardashir, king of, 23; famine in,
25; loss of eyesight a bar to ruling,
27; Arab conquest, 37; acquired
by Turks, 129; overrun by troops
of Timur, 171; war with Baki
Mohammad, 195; Nadir Shāh,
200-3; war with Turkomans, 267,
269-72; Persian literary language
in time of Tahirides, 180; Parthia
(see that title).

Peter the Great, 240-42.
Petra Oxiana, 8.

Petrofsky, M., cited 371 note.
Petrusevitch, cited 270, 271, 272

notes.

Philippus of Elymeus, 10.
Phraates, 12.

156.

Ossipoff, story of, 346.

Osmanlis, origin of, 124.

'Othman, Caliph, 37.

Oxus (see Amu Daryā).
Oxyartes, father of Roxana, 8.

con-

PALESTINE, conquest by Arabs, 37;
Damascus and Jerusalem
quered by Parviz, 32, 33; Damascus
stormed by Timūr, 171.
Pamirs, birthplace of Aryan race, 3;
commission to demarcate English
and Russian influence on, 303-5.
Panchao, 20.

Panjakand, identified with Bishkand,
187 note.
Pāpek, 22.

Paropamisus mountains, boundary of
Bactria, 3.

Parthia, 11-13; Greeks deprived of
Margiana by, 18; encounters with
the Yué-Chi, 19; overthrow of
dynasty by Ardashir, 23; Parthians
identical with Turkomans, 266;
characteristics on early Indian
Saka coins, 16.
Parviz, "the Victorious" (Chosrau
11.), 32.
Pasargadæ, 5.

Pir Mohammad, grandson of Tîmür,
the Uzbeg, 191 note.

Pirüz, 25.

Pishagar, destroyed by Nasrullah, 215.
Polotsk, 230.

Poole, Mr. S. Lane, cited 60 note,
passim.

Powers, the Great, Russian circular
to, 249, Appendix I.
Price, Major, cited 161 note, passim.
Pskov, 230.

RABI IBN ZIYAD EL-HĀRITHĪ, 39.
Rafi ibn Harthama, appointed
governor of Khorasan, 105; peace
between Nasr and Ismail, obtained
by, 107; murder of, 110.
Rafi ibn Layth, 96.

Rahim Bi, 199, 202, 384 note.
Railways (see under Russia).
Ramtina, conquered by Ubaydullah
ibn Ziyād, 39.
Rapson, cited 16 note.
Ravandis, the, 92.
Raverty, cited 120 note.
Riazan, Russian principality, 234.
Risalachi, public entertainers, 401.
Romanovski, General, General Cher-
naieff superseded by, 251; battle
of Irjai, 252.