contained in a letter addressed by President Eisenhower to Prime Minister Felix Houphouet-Boigny of the Republic of the Ivory Coast:

"On the occasion of the independence of the Republic of the Ivory Coast, I extend in my own name and on behalf of the United States most cordial greetings and felicitations to you and the people of the Ivory Coast.

"The independence of the Ivory Coast is a source of deep satisfaction to the United States, particularly since this freedom was achieved in friendly cooperation with France. We shall follow with keen interest as the newly independent Ivory Coast takes its important place in the community of nations.

"I recall with great pleasure our frank and thorough conversation during your visit to Washington last November. Your clear exposition of problems in Africa was of the highest interest

to me.

"On this historic occasion the Government and people of the United States look forward to close and friendly relations with the Government and people of the Ivory Coast."

The American Consul at Abidjan (Norland) to the Department of State, telegram, Aug. 7, 1960, MS. Department of State, file 770H.02/8–760; Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower 1960-61 (1961), p. 612.

The American Consulate at Abidjan, Republic of the Ivory Coast, was elevated to an Embassy on August 7, 1960, and Donald R. Norland, former American Consul at Abidjan, was accredited as Chargé d'Affaires to the Republic of Dahomey, the Republic of Niger, the Republic of Upper Volta, and the Republic of the Ivory Coast. XLIII Bulletin, Department of State, No. 1103, Aug. 15, 1960, p. 262.

Jamaica
827

On August 6, 1962, Jamaica, under The Jamaica (Constitution) Order in Council (1962), became an independent State within the British Commonwealth. On the occasion of attainment of independence by Jamaica, President John F. Kennedy addressed a message to Prime Minister Sir Alexander Bustamante of Jamaica, and to the people of Jamaica, sending “greetings on the occasion of your independence”, and expressing the gratification of the American people in seeing "a newly-independent state joining the family of nations." At the same time, the message conveyed "the good wishes of the American people" and stated “We welcome you into the family of nations”. The Jamaica (Constitution) Order in Council (1962), Stat. Instr., 1962, No. 1550, was issued under authority of the Jamaica Independence Act, 1962, 10 & 11 Eliz. 2, c. 40. The text of President Kennedy's letter to Prime Minister Bustamante was printed in New York Times, Aug. 5, 1962, sec. 11, p. 2.

Jordan

§ 28

Following the First World War, Transjordan, along with Palestine, was placed under the protection of His Britannic Majesty as an "A” Mandate. On September 1, 1928, the Council of the League of Nations adopted a resolution acknowledging that the Agreement between Great Britain and Transjordan, recognizing the existence of an independent government in Transjordan under the rule of the Amir, etc., signed February 20, 1928, was in conformity with the principles of the Palestine Mandate, which remained fully in force.

44 Stat. 2184; IV Trenwith, Treaties, etc. (1938) 4227-4234; League of Nations Off. J., 1928, 9th yr., No. 10, 1451-1453; Br. Treaty Series No. 7 (1930), Cmd. 3488.

On January 17, 1946, following the Second World War, the British Foreign Minister announced before the General Assembly of the United Nations that with respect to the future of Transjordan

". . . it is the intention of His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom to take steps in the near future for establishing this territory as a sovereign independent state and for recognizing its status as such. In these circumstances, the question of placing Transjordan under a trusteeship does not arise." U.N. Gen. Ass. Off. Rec., Jan. 10-Feb. 14, 1946, Verbatim Record, 11th Meeting, p. 167.

On March 22, 1946, the United Kingdom and Transjordan concluded a Treaty of Alliance whereby it was provided: "His Majesty The King recognises Trans-Jordan as a fully independent State and His Highness The Amir as the sovereign thereof." (Article 1.)

Treaty of Alliance, Mar. 22, 1946, Br. Treaty Series No. 32 (1946), Cmd. 6916; 6 UNTS (1947) 144. The Treaty further provided, inter alia, that the Agreement between the two countries of February 20, 1928, as revised, should cease to have effect on the coming into force of the present Treaty (June 17, 1946). For the 1928 Agreement, see 128 Br. & For. St. Paps., p. 273; Br. Treaty Series No. 34 (1935), Cmd. 4999, Cmd. 6323 (1941). In May 1946 the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan communicated the following message to the Secretary of State:

"I have the honour to inform Your Excellency that the Legislative Council representing the Transjordan people has in exercise of its constitutional jurisdiction unanimously passed resolution in its meeting held on the 25th of May 1946 declaring Transjordan a full independent state with the hereditary monarchial constitutional rule and proclaiming the sovereign of the country Abdullah Ibn El Hussain a constitutional King with the title His Majesty the King of Hashimite [sic] Kingdom of Transjordan. The decision has been duly sanctioned by royal decree and has come into

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immediate effect. In communicating this historic event I beg to retain good relations between our two states."

A telegraphic reply of acknowledgement of the receipt of this communication stating that the message "has been duly noted by the Government of the United States" was not considered to constitute recognition of Transjordan.

The Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan to the Secretary of State, telegram received May 28, 1946, MS. Department of State, file 890 1.01/5-2846; the Secretary of State to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Transjordan, June 4, 1946, ibid.; memorandum of conversation, June 10, 1946, ibid./6-1046. On April 23, 1946, Secretary of State James F. Byrnes wrote to Senator Francis J. Myers that, while the Department "has found nothing which would justify it in taking the position that the recent steps taken by Great Britain with regard to Trans-Jordan violate any treaties existing between Great Britain and the United States, including the Convention of December 3, 1924, or deprive the United States of any rights or interests which the United States may have with respect to Trans-Jordan", the Department of State considered that "it would be premature for this government to take any decision at the present time with respect to the question of its recognition of Trans-Jordan as an independent state." XIV Bulletin, Department of State, No. 357, May 5, 1946, pp. 765, 766.

Because of political implications within the United States, the United States delayed until January 31, 1949, announcement of the extension of recognition to Transjordan when it also announced recognition of the newly elected "permanent government" of Israel. A White House announcement of that date with reference to the recognition of Transjordan read:

"For some time informal and friendly relations have existed between the United States Government and the Government of the Kingdom of Transjordan. Consistently with its feeling of friendship for Transjordan, the United States Government has supported that country for membership in the United Nations. Today the United States Government has extended de jure recognition to the Government of Transjordan."

Secretary of State Acheson, circular telegram, Jan. 31, 1949, MS. Department of State, file 890 1.01/1-3149; XX Bulletin, Department of State, No. 502, Feb. 13, 1949, p. 205.

Liberation

Korea
$ 29

On September 18, 1945, President Truman issued the following statement concerning the liberation of Korea from Japanese forces:

"The surrender of the Japanese forces in Seoul, ancient Korean capital, heralds the liberation of a freedom-loving and heroic people. Despite their long and cruel subjection under the war

lords of Japan, the Koreans have kept alive their devotion to national liberty and to their proud cultural heritage. This subjection has now ended. The Japanese warlords are being removed. Such Japanese as may be temporarily retained are being utilized as servants of the Korean people and of our occupying forces only because they are deemed essential by reason of their technical qualifications.

"In this moment of liberation we are mindful of the difficult tasks which lie ahead. The building of a great nation has now begun with the assistance of the United States, China, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union, who are agreed that Korea shall become free and independent.

"The assumption by the Koreans themselves of the responsibilities and functions of a free and independent nation and the elimination of all vestiges of Japanese control over Korean economic and political life will of necessity require time and patience. The goal is in view, but its speedy attainment will require the joint efforts of the Korean people and of the Allies.

"The American people rejoice in the liberation of Korea as the Tae-gook-kee, the ancient flag of Korea, waves again in the Land of the Morning Calm."

XIII Bulletin, Department of State, No. 326, Sept. 23, 1945, p. 435.

In 1942 there had been an exchange of views between the United States and China regarding the future status of Korea and the question of recognizing a provisional Korean Government, which has been summarized as follows:

"In April 1942 the Chinese Government invited the attention of the United States Government to the existence of two rival Korean revolutionary parties operating in China, with adherents in the United States, and stated that it was considering promoting a fusion of these parties and granting recognition to a Korean provisional government. The views of the Government of the United States were requested. "On May 1 the American Ambassador in China was instructed to inform the Chinese Government that the United States Government had no immediate intention of recognizing any one Korean group in view of lack of unity existing among Korean groups and the probability that these groups had little association with the Korean population in Korea. The Ambassador was instructed, however, to add that the United States Government did not desire to stand in the way of the Chinese Government's taking any step which it considered wisest after full consideration and that the United States Government must also consider in its actions the possible effect on other free movements in the United States desiring formal recognition as governments. A memorandum by the Secretary of State to President Roosevelt preceding the sending of the above instruction indicated that the situation was complicated by the possibility of support by the Soviet Union of some other Korean group. On May 7 the Ambassador in China reported that after reconsideration the Chinese Government had postponed recognition at least until some more favorable moment." 1942 For. Rel., China, p. 762. See further, 1942 For. Rel., vol. I, pp. 858-881.

On September 17, 1947, Secretary of State Marshall, speaking before the General Assembly of the United Nations, discussed the question of the independence of Korea, stating—

"I turn now to the question of the independence of Korea. At Cairo in December 1943, the United States, the United Kingdom,

and China joined in declaring that, in due course, Korea should become free and independent. This multilateral pledge was reaffirmed in the Potsdam Declaration of July 1945 and subscribed to by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics when it entered the war against Japan. In Moscow in December of 1945, the Foreign Ministers of the U.S.S.R., the United Kingdom, and the United States concluded an agreement designed to bring about the independence of Korea. This agreement was later adhered to by the Government of China. It provided for the establishment of a Joint U.S.-U.S.S.R. Commission to meet in Korea and, through consultations with Korean democratic parties and social organizations, to decide on methods for establishing a provisional Korean government. The Joint Commission was then to consult with that provisional government on methods of giving aid and assistance to Korea; any agreement reached being submitted for approval to the four powers adhering to the Moscow agreement. "For about two years the United States Government has been trying to reach agreement with the Soviet Government, through the Joint Commission and otherwise, on methods of implementing the Moscow agreement and thus bringing about the independence of Korea. The United States representatives have insisted that any settlement of the Korean problem must in no way infringe the fundamental democratic right of freedom of opinion. That is still the position of my Government. Today the independence of Korea is no further advanced than it was two years ago. Korea remains divided at the 38th parallel with Soviet forces in the industrial north and United States forces in the agricultural south. There is little or no exchange of goods or services between the two zones. Korea's economy is thus crippled.

"The Korean people, not former enemies, but a people liberated from 40 years of Japanese oppression, are still not free. This situation must not be allowed to continue indefinitely. In an effort to make progress the United States Government recently made certain proposals designed to achieve the purposes of the Moscow agreement and requested the powers adhering to that agreement to join in discussion of these proposals. China and the United Kingdom agreed to this procedure. The Soviet Government did not. Furthermore, the United States and Soviet Delegations to the Joint Commission have not even been able to agree on a joint report on the status of their deliberations. It appears evident that further attempts to solve the Korean problem by means of bilateral negotiations will only serve to delay the establishment of an independent, united Korea.

"It is therefore the intention of the United States Government to present the problem of Korean independence to this session of the General Assembly. Although we shall be prepared to submit suggestions as to how the early attainment of Korean independence might be effected, we believe that this is a matter which now requires the impartial judgment of the other members. We do not wish to have the inability of two powers to reach agreement delay any further the urgent and rightful claims of the Korean people to independence."

XVII Bulletin, Department of State, No. 430, Sept. 28, 1947, pp. 618, 619-620; Korea's Independence, Department of State publication 2933, Far