of Libyan independence. My Government deems it a great privilege to have been associated with United Nations action which assisted the Libyan people in determining a constitution and establishing an independent government. The Government of the United States of America looks forward with pleasure to the establishment of mutually beneficial and friendly relations with the Libyan Government, which it welcomes to its rightful place among the sovereign states of the world. I shall take the first opportunity, on behalf of my government, to urge that immediate action be taken to admit Libya to membership in the United Nations. I send my heartiest congratulations to Your Excellency and to members of the Libyan Government and may I ask that you convey to His Majesty, King Idris I, and through him to the people of Libya, an expression of the friendship of the people of the United States of America."" Press release, Dec. 24, 1951, XXV Bulletin, Department of State, No. 653, Dec. 31, 1951, p. 1057. On December 24, 1951, the Chargé d'Affaires ad interim of the United States, acting under instructions, addressed the following note to the Foreign Minister of Libya: "My Government has received the announcement that Libya has been proclaimed an independent state in accordance with the decision of the United Nations General Assembly, and has instructed me to inform Your Excellency that the Government of the United States is pleased to extend full recognition to the Government of the United Kingdom of Libya as of this date. "I am pleased, also, to inform Your Excellency that my government has approved the elevation of the Consulate General to the status of Legation effective immediately. I have been designated as First Secretary and Consul General and as Chargé d'Affaires ad interim until the new Minister arrives, and have been instructed to enter into relations with your government." The Chargé d'Affaires ad interim of the United States (Andrew G. Lynch) to the Foreign Minister of Libya (Mahmoud Bey Muntasser), note No. 1, Dec. 24, 1951, MS. Department of State, despatch No. 100, Jan. 8, 1952, file 773.02/1-852, encl. 3. In acknowledging the note, the latter referred to the fact that the recognition on the part of the United States of the Independent Kingdom of Libya was "to take effect from the day of its foundation" and expressed great pleasure that the United States was among the first to recognize the Independent Kingdom of Libya. Foreign Minister Mahmoud Bey Muntasser to Chargé Lynch, Jan. 2, 1952, ibid., encl. 4. Malagasy Following exchange of instruments of ratification of accords transferring powers and defining transitional measures by representatives of the French Government and the Malagasy Government in Tananarive, Madagascar, on June 25, 1960, and public proclamation of accession to independence on the part of Malagasy, on June 26, the independent status of the Malagasy Republic within the French Community was attained. On the latter occasion, June 26, 1960, the following message addressed by President Eisenhower to President Philibert Tsiranana, President of the Malagasy Republic, was communicated to the latter: "On the occasion of the independence of the Malagasy Republic, I extend in my own name and on behalf of the people of the United States most cordial greetings and felicitations to you and your countrymen. "The independence of the Malagasy Republic achieved in friendly cooperation with France is a source of deep satisfaction to the United States. The Government and people of Madagascar and of France in their efforts to achieve social and economic advancement in Madagascar through democratic means have earned the admiration of all free nations. "On this historic occasion the Government and the people of the United States look forward to close and friendly relations with the Government and people of the Malagasy Republic." The American Consulate, Tananarive, to the Department of State, telegram, June 10, 1960; and same to same, telegram, June 27, 1960, MS. Department of State, files 751W.00/6-1060 and 770F.02/6–2760. XLIII Bulletin, Department of State, No. 1099, July 18, 1960, p. 87. Malaya On August 31, 1957, pursuant to the Federation of Malaya Independence Act, 1957, the Federation of Malaya was granted independence within the British Commonwealth of Nations. By a letter dated August 31, 1957, addressed by Secretary of State Dulles to Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman of the Federation of Malaya, the United States extended recognition to the new State of the Federation of Malaya. The letter read: "It is with great pleasure that I offer you the congratulations and the warm good wishes of the Government and people of the United States of America on the occasion of the independence of the Federation of Malaya. May the Federation enjoy to the fullest the benefits of freedom and prosperity, and may you continue to enjoy the blessings of health and success in your high position. "The Federation's transition to full independence, which you have so skillfully led, provides an impressive example of the fruits of honest negotiation by men of high purpose meeting in peace and amity at the council table. "I look forward with pleasure to the establishment and cultivation of the ties of cordial friendship between our two nations." Federation of Malaya Independence Act, 1957, July 31, 1957, 5 & 6 Eliz. 2, c. 60. The Act did not of itself grant self-government but enabled the Queen to enter into an agreement to establish an independent Federation of Malaya and to provide by Order in Council for its implementation. Such an agreement was concluded on August 5, 1957, Federation of Malaya Gazette, Nov. 28, 1957, supp., Dec. 11, 1957, notification No. (N.S.) 888. For the Order in Council of August 23, 1957, signed by the Queen, see Stat. Instr., 1957, No. 1533, and Federation of Malaya Gazette, Nov. 28, 1957, supp., Dec. 11, 1957, notification No. (N.S.) 889. Secretary of State Dulles' message of August 31, 1957, was published in XXXVII Bulletin, Department of State, No. 951, Sept. 16, 1957, p. 474. For an account of the Proclamation of Independence Ceremonies at Kuala Lumpur, see telegram from Chargé d'Affaires Wright to the Secretary of State, Sept. 2, 1957, MS. Department of State, file 797.02/9–257. "During the year [1957] Acts were passed as a result of which Ghana and the Federation of Malaya achieved independence within the Commonwealth. All Commonwealth Prime Ministers agreed to recognise them as fellow members of the Commonwealth. I wish the peoples of Ghana and Malaya all happiness and prosperity; and I welcome their admission to the United Nations. I was much gratified at the cordial reception extended . . . to My Dear Uncle, His Royal Highness the Duke of Gloucester, who represented Me in the Federation of Malaya in August." Queen Elizabeth II, Her Majesty's Speech, Nov. 1, 1957, 205 H.L. Deb. (5th ser.) cols. 780-781 (Nov. 1, 1957). Mali (Federation of) Upon attainment of independence by the Federation of Mali on June 20, 1960, composed of the Republic of Senegal and the Soudanese Republic, former autonomous Republics of the French Community, the United States recognized the new State on that date, by means of a message from President Eisenhower addressed to President Modibo Keita, President of the Government of the Federation of Mali. The American Consulate General, Dakar, to the Department of State, telegram, June 13, 1960; same to same, telegram, June 14, 1960, MS. Department of State, files 751T.02/6-1360 and ibid./6–1460; and the Department of State to the American Consul General at Dakar, telegram, ibid./6-1760. On June 13, 1960, the American Consul General at Dakar, Donald A. Dumont, in compliance with instructions, addressed a letter to the French High Commissioner asking him to inform the government of Mali of the intention of the Government of the United States to recognize the new State and Government of Mali on the day of the proclamation of its independence, of the desire of the Government of the United States to raise its Consulate General to the status of an Embassy effective the day of the proclamation, and to request the Government of Mali to accept accredita tion of himself as Chargé d'Affaires, effective the same date. In reply the Consul General was informed by the French High Commissioner that President Keita had notified the latter, by a letter of June 18, 1960, that "his [Keita's] Government accepts with pleasure the proposal of the United States Government to elevate its Consulate General to the status of Embassy and to accredit you as Chargé d'Affaires". At the same time, President Keita transmitted his felicitations, thanked the Government of the United States for its decision to recognize the State and the Government of Mali as of the day of the proclamation of independence, and expressed its sincere desire for international cooperation. The American Consul General at Dakar to the Department of State, telegram, June 19, 1960, MS. Department of State, file 751T.02/6-1960. Accordingly, the American Consulate General at Dakar, Federation of Mali, was elevated on June 20, 1960, to an Embassy, upon the formal attainment of independence by the Federation of Mali. XLIII Bulletin, Department of State, No. 1098, July 11, 1960, p. 73. However, the Federation of Mali was short-lived. On August 20, 1960, Senegal proclaimed its independence, becoming the Republic of Senegal, and on September 22, 1960 Soudan became the Republic of Mali. As to their subsequent recognition, see § 37 infra, and post, p. 214. Mali (Republic of) On September 22, 1960-following the Republic of Senegal's withdrawal on August 20, 1960, from the Federation of Mali, of which the Republic of Soudan was also a member, both States being former autonomous members of the French Community-the National Assembly of the Republic of Soudan by law provided that the former Soudanese Republic became the Republic of Mali, an "Independent and sovereign State free of all obligations and political ties." The then-existing government became the Provisional Government of the Mali Republic. On September 23, 1960, the Department of State instructed the American Consul at Bamako that, when the Malians were informed on that day of the decision of the United States to recognize the Republic of Mali on September 24, assurances as to that country's intention to fulfill its international obligations should be obtained. The American Consul at Bamako to the Department of State, telegram, Sept. 22, 1960, MS. Department of State, file 770E.02/9-2260; same to same, telegram, Sept. 22, 1960, ibid.; the Department of State to the American Consul at Bamako, telegram, Sept. 23, 1960, ibid./9-2360. On September 24, 1960, the Consulate at Bamako, Republic of Mali, which had been established on August 26, 1960, was elevated to an Embassy, and the Consul at that post, John Gunther Dean, was designated as Chargé d'Affaires ad interim, pending the arrival of an Ambassador. XLIII Bulletin, Department of State, No. 1111, Oct. 10, 1960, p. 567. 587-871 063 -14 Mauritania § 38 On October 19, 1960, an agreement was signed at Paris whereby France signified her full accord to international sovereignty and independence for the Islamic Republic of Mauritania in West Africa. The agreement was subsequently ratified and, on November 28, 1960, the independence of Mauritania was proclaimed at Nouakchott, capital of Mauritania. President Eisenhower addressed the following "independence day message" to Prime Minister Daddah: "I am happy to extend, both for myself personally and on behalf of the people of the United States, most cordial greetings and felicitations to you and your countrymen upon the accession to independence of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania. "As Mauritania takes its place in the family of nations, I am confident that it will remain attached to the high principles expressed in its constitution and that its leaders will devote their talents and energies unstintingly to the cause of world peace. "The Government and people of the United States share your pride in this occasion and look forward to amicable relations between our two countries." "In recognition of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania having achieved its independence", President Eisenhower named Henry S. Villard, American Ambassador to Senegal, as his personal representative, with the rank of Special Ambassador, to attend the independence day ceremonies. Special Ambassador Villard also presented his credentials as Ambassador to Mauritania on November 28, and for that purpose was received by Prime Minister Daddah. The American Embassy, Paris (Davenport), to the Secretary of State (Herter), telegram, Oct. 20, 1960, MS. Department of State, file 771.022/10-2060; Secretary of State Herter to the American Embassy at Dakar, telegram, Nov. 22, 1960, ibid., file 751T.02/11-2260; same to same, telegram, Nov. 25, 1960, ibid./11-2560; and the American Embassy, Dakar, to the Secretary of State, telegram, Nov. 29, 1960, MS. Department of State, file 123 Villard, Henry S. Morocco On March 2, 1956, the Foreign Minister of France (Christian Pineau) and the Prime Minister of Morocco (Embarek Bekkai) signed a Joint Declaration recognizing the independence of Morocco and affirming the will of the two "sovereign and equal states" to define the new conditions which should govern their future relations. By the Declaration it was noted that the Treaty of Fez of March 30, 1912, "no longer corresponds henceforth to the necessities of modern |