"My country has noted with admiration the statesmanship exhibited by you and other Nigeria leaders in guiding your nation through the successive stages leading to independence, and we congratulate Nigeria for having attained this goal in harmony and friendship with the United Kingdom.

"As Nigeria takes her place in the family of nations, I am confident that she will remain devoted to the democratic principles embodied in her constitution and that her people will give generously of their talents and energies in the cause of world

peace.

"The Government and people of the United States share deeply in your joy in this occasion and look forward to lasting friendship with your Government and people."

Acting Secretary of State Loy W. Henderson, memorandum for the President, "Establishment of an Embassy at Lagos, Nigeria”, Apr. 26, 1960, MS. Department of State, file 120.251T/4-2660. See also "Message to the People of the Federation of Nigeria on the Occasion of Their Independence", Oct. 1, 1960, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Dwight D. Eisenh nver 1960-61 (1961) 741. Prior to the exchange of Ambassadors between the United States and Nigeria, the Department of State took steps to satisfy itself that the new Nigerian Government would observe its international obligations. Cf., ibid. "Statement by Governor Rockefeller on Calling on Federal Prime Minister at 10 AM, Sunday October 2nd [1960]", special release, United States Information Service, Lagos.

Pakistan
§ 43

As the result of a plan put forward by the British Government, and later accepted by all the Indian parties, for the creation of two new independent Dominions, India and Pakistan, the Dominion of Pakistan (and the Dominion of India) came into being on August 15, 1947, in conformity with the provisions of the India Independence Act, 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6, c. 30). On that occasion, the following message of recognition from the President of the United States (Truman) was communicated to the Governor General of the Dominion of Pakistan (Mohammed Ali Jinnah) :

"On this auspicious day which marks the emergence among the family of nations of the new Dominion of Pakistan, I extend on behalf of the American people sincere best wishes to you, and through you, to Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan and the people of Pakistan. To you who have labored so steadfastly for this day, and to the other leaders and the people of Pakistan fall profound responsibilities. I wish to assure you that the new Dominion embarks on its course with the firm friendship and good will of the United States of America. The American Government and people anticipate a long history of close and cordial relations with your country. We rejoice with you in the prospect for rapid progress toward the advancement of the welfare of the people of Pakistan, and look forward to the constructive partici

pation of the new Dominion in world affairs for the welfare of all mankind."

Acting Secretary of State Lovett to the American Consul at Karachi, telegram No. 69, Aug. 14, 1947, MS. Department of State, file 845F.458/ 8-1447; XVII Bulletin, Department of State, No. 425, Aug. 24, 1947, p. 396. The Governor General, Mohammed Ali Jinnah, in acknowledging, on August 17, 1947, receipt of the message from President Truman, stated that he had no doubt "that this is the beginning of a long history of close and cordial relationship between Pakistan and the United States of America". Telegram from the Governor General to President Truman, Aug. 17, 1947, MS. Department of State, file 845F.458/8-1747. See also despatch No. 107, Aug. 28, 1947, from the American Embassy, Karachi, to the Department of State, regarding delivery of the message. Because of transmission difficulties, the substance of the President's message was delivered by letter on August 14, 1947; the full text as later received in ungarbled form was subsequently communicated to the Governor General. Ibid./8-2847.

Philippines
§ 44

Act, 1934

The basic Act of Congress whereby the granting of independence Philippine to the Philippine Islands was authorized on the part of the United Independence States is the Philippine Independence Act, otherwise known as the "Tydings-McDuffie Act", approved March 24, 1934. The Act provided that the Philippine Legislature was thereby authorized to provide for a convention to frame a Constitution for the Philippine Islands, such Constitution to be submitted to the President of the United States who should certify to the Governor General of the Philippine Islands as to its conformity with the Act, and that, following certification that it so conformed, it should be submitted to the people of the Philippine Islands for approval or rejection (sections 1-4). Section 10(a) provided:

"On the 4th day of July immediately following the expiration of a period of ten years from the date of the inauguration of the new government under the constitution provided for in this Act the President of the United States shall by proclamation withdraw and surrender all right of possession, supervision, jurisdiction, control, or sovereignty then existing and exercised by the United States in and over the territory and people of the Philippine Islands, including all military and other reservations of the Government of the United States in the Philippines (except such naval reservations and fueling stations as are reserved under section 5), and, on behalf of the United States, shall recognize the independence of the Philippine Islands as a separate and self-governing nation and acknowledge the authority and control over the same of the government instituted by the people thereof, under the constitution then in force."

48 Stat. 456-459, 463. For the Act approved January 17, 1933, also known as the "Tydings-McDuffie Act" and as "The Philippine Independence Act",

Proclamation-July 4, 1946

U.S. recognition

1946 Treaty

Art. I

see 47 Stat. 761; 48 U.S.C. § 1232 et seq. For the Act approved August 7, 1939, see 53 Stat. 1226; 48 U.S.C. § 1243.

See also Hearings before the Committee on Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, 72d Cong., 1st sess., on H.R. 7233, A Bill to Provide for the Independence of the Philippine Islands (Jan. 22, 23, 25, 26, 29, 30, Feb. 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 12, 1932); Hearings before the Committee on Territories and Insular Affairs, Senate, 72d Cong., 1st sess., on S. 3377 (Hawes-Cutting Bill), together with Hearings before the Committee on Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, 72d Cong., 1st sess., on H.R. 7233, Feb. 11 and 13, 1932; S. Rept. 354, 72d Cong., 1st sess. (to accompany S. 3377); and H. Rept. 806, 72d Cong., 1st sess. (to accompany H.R. 7233).

"(1) Philippines will become completely independent on July 4, 1946.

"(2) An election will be held April 23, 1946, to select a president and members of the new Congress, except one-third of the membership of the Senate who are hold-overs.

"(3) The United States Government retains complete control over all foreign affairs of Commonwealth Government pending independence on July 4. Commonwealth not authorized to commence independent foreign negotiations until after July 4.

"(4) There is universal adult franchise and both male and female citizens above the age of 21 who are able to read and write are entitled to vote.”

Secretary of State Byrnes to the American Consul at Rangoon, Burma, airgram, Mar. 6, 1946, MS. Department of State, file 811B.00/2-646.

By his Proclamation of July 4, 1946, President Truman stated:

"Now, THEREFORE, I, HARRY S. TRUMAN, President of the United States of America, acting under and by virtue of the authority vested in me by the aforesaid act of Congress, do proclaim that, in accord with and subject to the reservations provided for in the applicable statutes of the United States,

"The United States of America hereby withdraws and surrenders all rights of possession, supervision, jurisdiction, control, or sovereignty now existing and exercised by the United States of America in and over the territory and people of the Philippines; and,

"On behalf of the United States of America, I do hereby recognize the independence of the Philippines as a separate and selfgoverning nation and acknowledge the authority and control over the same of the government instituted by the people thereof. under the constitution now in force."

For the Proclamation, see 60 Stat. 1352–1353.

By article I of the Treaty of General Relations signed July 4, 1946, at Manila, by Paul V. McNutt, for the Government of the United States of America, and Manuel Roxas, for the Government of the Republic of the Philippines, it was provided:

"The United States of America agrees to withdraw and surrender, and does hereby withdraw and surrender, all right of possession, supervision, jurisdiction, control or sovereignty exist

ing and exercised by the United States of America in and over the territory and the people of the Philippine Islands, except the use of such bases, necessary appurtenances to such bases, and the rights incident thereto, as the United States of America, by agreement with the Republic of the Philippines, may deem necessary to retain for the mutual protection of the United States of America and of the Republic of the Philippines. The United States of America further agrees to recognize, and does hereby recognize, the independence of the Republic of the Philippines as a separate self-governing nation and to acknowledge, and does hereby acknowledge, the authority and control over the same of the Government instituted by the people thereof, under the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines."

U.S. TIAS 1568. An accompanying Protocol, signed on the same date, July 4, 1946, by the same representatives, recited that: "It is understood and agreed by the High Contracting Parties that this Treaty is for the purpose of recognizing the independence of the Republic of the Philippines and for the maintenance of close and harmonious relations between the two Governments", together with certain other understandings on the part of the two Governments. Ibid.

Rwanda
$45

By a resolution adopted on June 27, 1962, the General Assembly of the United Nations decided, in agreement with the Administering Authority (Belgium), to terminate the Trusteeship Agreement of December 13, 1946, in respect of Ruanda-Urundi on July 1, 1962, “on which date Rwanda and Burundi shall emerge as two independent and sovereign States." On July 1, 1962, the independence of the Republic of Rwanda was proclaimed.

On June 28, 1962, President John F. Kennedy, then in México, D.F., addressed a letter to the President of the Republic of Rwanda, His Excellency Gregoire Kayibanda, extending to him and his Government, and to the people of the Republic of Rwanda, "on the occasion of Rwanda's accession to independence, the congratulations and warm wishes of the people of the United States."

G.A. Res. 1746 (XVI), June 27, 1962, adopted by a vote of 93 in favor, none opposed, and with 10 abstentions (Soviet bloc). A/PV. 1118, June 27, 1962. President Kennedy to President Kayibanda, letter, June 28, 1962, released to the press on June 30, 1962, XLVII Bulletin, Department of State, No. 1204, July 23, 1962, p. 134. On July 26, 1962, the Security Council unanimously recommended that Rwanda be admitted to membership in the United Nations. U.N. Docs. S/5147 and S/5148, July 24, 1962. On September 18, 1962, the General Assembly, by acclamation, admitted Rwanda to membership in the United Nations. A/PV. 1122, Sept. 16, 1962.

Senegal

§ 46

On August 20, 1960, the Senegalese National Assembly proclaimed the independence of the Republic of Senegal from the Federation of Mali. Upon receipt of a message containing this information from President Mamadou Dia, President of the Government of the Republic of Senegal, the Department of State decided that, since the matter was still under discussion within the French Community, the United States should not take any action at the moment. On September 11, 1960, France recognized Senegal as an independent Republic. Thereafter, on September 24, 1960, the American Embassy at Dakar informed the Foreign Minister of Senegal of recognition on the part of the United States of the Republic of Senegal.

The American Ambassador at Paris (Houghton) to the Secretary of State (Herter), telegram, Sept. 12, 1960, MS. Department of State, file 751T.02/ 9-1260; the American Consul at Bamako to the Department of State, airgram, Sept. 12, 1960, ibid., file 770E.02/9–1260; the Department of State, circular telegram, Sept. 23, 1960, ibid./9–2360.

Sierra Leone
§ 47

Following a visit by the British Secretary of State for the Colonies, Alan Lennox-Boyd, to Sierra Leone in June 1959, it was agreed that a conference should be held at London in early 1960 to discuss future constitutional changes in Sierra Leone. Such a conference was held in April and May 1960, at London, with the result that the conference agreed to April 27, 1961, as the date for the attainment by Sierra Leone of full independence within the Commonwealth. The Department of State considered that it was in the interest of the United States to recognize Sierra Leone as an independent State on April 27, 1961, and to elevate the American Consulate General at Freetown to that of Embassy on the same day. Such a recommendation was made to Presi dent Kennedy and met with his approval.

The British Embassy transmitted an official invitation from the Government of Sierra Leone to the Government of the United States to be represented at the independence celebrations at Freetown on April 27, 1961. On April 22, 1961, President Kennedy addressed a letter to Her Majesty Elizabeth the Second, stating that “In recognition of Sierra Leone having received its independence within the British Commonwealth, I have made choice of Thurgood Marshall as my Personal Representative, with the rank of Special Ambassador. to attend the ceremonies incident to the celebration of the independ