with that in France, 723.- the unfunded
debt of, 729.-funded debt, 730-aggregate
and general funds, 731.-sinking fund, 739.
-annuities for terms of years and for lives,
733-perpetual annuities the best transfer-
able stock, 735.-reduction of the public
debts during peace, bears no proportion to
their accumulation during war, 737.-trade
with the tobacco colonies, how carried on,
without the intervention of specie, 755-
trade with the sugar colonies explained, 766.
-Ireland and America ought in justice to
contribute toward the discharge of her public
debts, 757.-how the territorial acquisitions,
of the East India Company might be ren-
dered a source of revenue, 759.-if no such
assistance can be obtained, her only resource
pointed out, ibid.

Bullion, is always the money of the great
mercantile republic, 345.

Burghs, free, the origin of, 314-whence they
owed their corporate jurisdictions, 315.-why
admitted to send representatives to parlia-
ment, 332.- allowed to protect refugees
from the country, 318.

Burn (Dr.). on the laws relating to the settle-
ments of the poor, 122, 124.
Butcher's meat nowhere a necessary, 697.

CALVINISTS, the, 638.-character of their
church government, 639.

Cameron (Mr., chief of Lochiel), exercised,
within thirty years since, a criminal juris-
diction over his own tenants, 325.

Canada, the French colony there, long under
the government of an exclusive company,
449,-but improved speedily after the disso-
lution of the company, 450.

Canals, navigable, advantages of, 130.-how
made and maintained, 571.-that of Langue-
doc, the support of, how secured, 572.-so
may be successfully managed by joint stock
companies, 598.

Cantillon (Mr.), essay on the earnings of the
labouring poor, 575.

Cape of Good Hope, causes of the prosperity
of the Dutch settlement there, 502.
Capital, in trade, explained, and how employed,
320.-distinguished into circulating and fixed
capitals, 221.-characteristics of fixed capitals,
223. the several kinds of fixed capitals
specified, ibid.-characteristics of circulating
capitals, and the several kinds of, 224.-
fixed capitals supported by those which are
circulating, 225.-circulating capitals how
supported, ibid.-intention of a fixed capital.
227-the expense of maintaining the fixed
and circulating capitals illustrated, 228.-
money, as an article of circulating capital,
considered, 229.- money no measure of
capital, 242.-what quantity of industry any
capital can employ, 236.-capitals, how far
they may be extended by paper credit, 245.
-must be replaced with profit by the annual
produce of land and labour, 266.-proportion
between capital and revenue regulates the
proportion between industry and idleness,
270.-how it is increased or diminished, 270.
-national evidences of the increase of, 275.
-in what instances private expenses con-
tribute to enlarge the national capital, 278.-
the increase of, reduces profits by competi-
tion, 283.-different ways of employing a

capital, 287.-how replaced to the different
classes of traders, 289.-that employed in
agriculture puts into motion a greater quan-
tity of productive labour than any equal
capital employed in manufactures, 290.-
that of a manufacturer should reside within
the country, 291.-the operation of capitals
employed in agriculture, manufactures, and
foreign trade compared, 292.-the prosperity
of a country depends on the due proportion
of its capital applied to these three grand
objects, 293.-different returns of capitals
employed in foreign trade, 295.-rather em-
ployed on agriculture than in trade and
manufactures, on equal terms, 300.-rather
employed in manufactures than in foreign
trade, 303.-natural progress of the employ-
ment of, 304.-acquired by trade, is very
precarious until realized by the cultivation
and improvement of land, 331.-the employ.
ment of, in the different species of trade,
how determined, 352.

Capitation taxes, the nature of explained, 179.
-in England, 180.-in France, 181.
Carriage, land and water, compared, 30.-
water carriage tends to improve arts and
industry in all countries where it can be
used, 31, 130, 177.-land how facilitated and
reduced in price by public works, 571.
Carrying trade, the nature and operation of,
296.-is the symptom, but not the cause, of
national wealth, and hence points out the
two richest countries in Europe, 299.-trades
may appear to be carrying trades, which are
not so, ibid.-the disadvantages of, to in-
dividuals, 352.-the Dutch. how excluded
from being the carriers to Great Britain, 360.
-drawbacks of duties originally granted for
the encouragement of, 392.

Carthaginian army, its superiority over the
Roman army accounted for, 555.

Cattle and corn, their value compared, in the
different stages of agriculture, 131.-the price
of, reduced by artificial grasses, 183.-to
what height the price of cattle may rise in an
improving country, 188.-the raising a stock
of, necessary for the supply of manure to
farms, ibid.-cattle must bear a good price
to be well fed, 189.-the price of, rises in
Scotland in consequence of the union with
England, 190.-great multiplication of Euro-
pean cattle in America, 191.-killed in some
countries merely for the sake of the hides
and tallow, 196.-market for these articles
more extensive than for the carcase, 197.-
this market sometimes brought nearer home
by the establishment of manufactures, ibid.
-how the extension of cultivation raises the
price of animal food, 207.-is perhaps the
only commodity more expensive to transport
by sea than by land, 109.-Great Britain
never likely to be much affected by the free
importation of Irish cattle, ibid.

Certificates, parish, the laws relating to, 124.
Child (Sir Josiah), on trading companies, 582.
Children, riches unfavourable to the produc-
tion, and extreme poverty to the raising, of
them, 76.-mortality still greater among
those maintained by charity, 77.

China, to what the early improvement in arts
and industry there was owing, 31.-testi-
monies as to the misery of the lower ranks of
the Chinese, 71.-is not a declining country,

wu-high rate of interest of money there,

-the price of labour there, lower than in
the greater part of Europe, 117.-great state
assumed by the grandees, 118.-siver the
most profitable article to send thither, ibid.
-proportional value of gold to silver, how
raced there, 182-value of gold and silver
much higher there than in any part of
Europe, 204-agriculture favoured there,
beyond manufactures, 538.-foreign trade
not favoured, 539-extension of the home
market, 540-great attention paid to the roads
570.—in what the principal revenue of the
sovereign consists, 665-the revenue of,
partly raised in kind, 667.

Church, the richer the church, the poorer the

state. 643-the revenue of the Church of
Scotland, 644-revenue of the church heavier
taxed in Prussia than lay proprietors, 663.-
nature and effect of tithes considered, 664.
Circulation, the dangerous practice of raising
money by, 243-in traffic, the two different
branches of, 253.

Cities, circumstances which contributed to
their opulence, 269.-those of Italy the first
that rose to consequence, 270.-commerce
and manufactures of, occasioned improve-
ment and cultivation of the country, 328.
Clergy, a supply of, provided for by public
and private foundations for their education,
112-curates worse paid than many me-
chanics, 118-of an established religion,
why unsuccessful against the teachers of a
new religion, 622.-why they persecute their
adversaries, 623.-the zeal of the inferior
clergy of the church of Rome, how kept
alive, ibid.—utility of ecclesiastical establish-
ments, 624-how connected with the civil
magistrate, 613-unsafe for the civil magis-
trate to differ with them. 630.-must be
managed without violence, 631.-of the
church of Rome, one great army cantoned
over Europe, 633--their power similar to
that of the temporal barons, during the
feudal monkish ages, 634-how the power
of the Romish clergy declined, 635.-evils
attending allowing parishes to elect their
D&a ministers, 32-

Clothing more plentiful than food, in uncul-
tivated countries, 142.—the materials for, the
first articles rude nations have to offer, ibid.
Coal, must generally be cheaper than wood to
gain the preference for fuel, 145-price of,
Low reduced, 146.-the exportation of, sub-
jected to a duty higher than the prime cost
cf, at the pit, saz.-cheapest of all fuel, 434-
-tax on, absurdly regulated, 435-
Coal mines, their different degrees of fertility,
143-when fertile, are sometimes unprofita-
bie by situation, shad-proportion of rent
generally paid for, 147.-machinery necessary

English coinage suggested, go. -silver, com
sequences attending the debasement of, 106
-coinage of France and Britain, 124 -
coin is privately melted down, 181.-the mat
chiefly employed to keep up the quant:ý
thus diminished, 183.-a duty to pay the
coinage would preserve money from being
melted or counterfeited, 184-standard of
the gold coin in France, ibid.-how a seigar-
age on coin would operate, ibid.—a tax up
coinage is advanced by everybody, and
finally paid by nobody, 186.-a revenue lost,
by government defraying the expense of
coinage, oud-amount of the annual coinage
before the late reformation of the goid com
187.-the law for the encouragement of,
founded on prejudice, ibid.-consequences
of raising the denomination, as an experien
to facilitate payment of public debts, 745
adulteration of, 747-

Colbert (M.), policy of his commercial regula
tions disputed, 363. 520.-his character, itd.
Colleges, cause of the depreciation of ther
money rents inquired into, 42.—the end:-
ments of, from whence they generally arise,
601.-whether they have in general answered
the purposes of their institution, 6o1.-these
endowments have diminished the necessity
of application in the teachers, 602.-the
privileges of graduates by residence, and
charitable foundation of scholarships, -
jurious to collegiate education, 6c3-the
discipline of, 604-

Colliers and coal-heavers, how their hugh
earnings are accounted for, 96.
Colonies, new, the natural progress of, 86-
modern, the commercial advantages derived
from them, 351.-ancient, on what principles
founded. 436-Grecian colonies not retained
under subjection to the parent states, 437-
distinction between the Roman and Greek
colonies, 438.-circumstances that led to the
establishment of European colonies in the
East Indies and America, thil -the Et
Indies discovered by Vasco de Gama, 41-
the West Indies by Columbus, 349-
the object of the first Spanish enterprises
442-and of all other European naties
444-causes of the prosperity of new couns

d-rapid progress of the ancient Greek
colonies, 445.—the Roman colonies slow in
improvement, 446. the remoteness
America and the West Indies, greatly a
favour of the European colonies there, is
-review of the British American column,
450.-expense of the civil establishments a
British America, 452. ecclesiastical govern
ment, soid-general view of the restrains
laid upon the trade of the European colours,
453-trade of the British colonies, how rege
Lited, 454-different kinds of Don-easer
ated commodities specified, itd.-erane
ated commodities, 456.-restraints upon ther
manufactures, 458.-indulgences granted
them by Britain, 459-were free in every
other respect except as to their foreign trade,
461-little credit due to the policy of Eur
from the success of the colonies, 464-chrove
by the disorder and injustice of the Europea
governments, ed-have contributed to
augment the industry of all the entries
of Europe, 465.-exclusive privileges d
trade, a dead weight upon all these exertions

both in Europe and America, 467.-have in
general been a source of expense instead of
revenue to their mother-countries, 468.-have
only benefited their mother-countries by the
exclusive trade carried on with them, ibid.-
consequences of the navigation act, 470.-
the advantage of the colonial trade to Britain
estimated, 474.-a gradual relaxation of the
exclusive commerce recommended, 479.-
events which have prevented Britain from
sensibly feeling the loss of the colonial trade,
480.-effects of the colonial trade, and the
monopoly of that trade distinguished, 481.-
to maintain a monopoly, the principal end
of the dominion Great Britain assumes over
the colonies, 487.-the peace establishment
of, ibid.-the two late wars Britain sustained
were colonial wars, to support a monopoly,
ibid.-two modes by which they might be
taxed, 489.-their assemblies not likely to
tax them, bid.-taxes by parliamentary
requisition, as little likely to be raised, 490.
-representatives of, might be admitted into
the British parliament with good effect, 492.
-answer to objections against American
representation, 494.-the interest of the con-
sumer in Britain, sacrificed to that of pro-
ducer, in raising an empire in America, 524.
Columbus, the motive that led to his discovery

of America, 439.-why he gave the name of
Indies to the islands he discovered, ibid.-
triumphal exhibition of their productions, 441.
Columella, his instruction for fencing a kitchen-
garden, 135.-he advises the planting of
vineyards, 136.

Commerce, the different common standards or
mediums made use of to facilitate the ex-
change of commodities, in the early stages
of, 33.-origin of money, 34.-definition of
the term value, 37.-treaties of, though ad-
vantageous to the merchants and manufac-
turers of the favoured country, necessarily
disadvantageous to those of the favouring
country, 425.-translation of the commercial
treaty between England and Portugal con-
cluded in 1703, by Mr. Methuen, 427.-
restraints laid upon the European colonies
in America, 453.-the present splendour of
the mercantile system, owing to the discovery
and colonization of America, 495.-the plan
by which it proposes to enrich a country,
508.-interest of the consumer constantly
sacrificed to that of the producer, 523.
Commodities, the barter of, insufficient for the
supply of the wants of mankind, 33.-metals
the best medium to facilitate the exchange
of, 34.-labour, standard for the value of,
40.-real and nominal prices of, distinguished,
41.-the component parts of the prices of,
54.-the natural and market prices of, dis-
tinguished, 57.-proportion between the
value of any two commodities, not neces-
sarily the same as between the quantities of
them commonly in the market, 182.-the
price of rude produce, how affected by the
advance of wealth and improvement, 186.-
foreign, are primarily purchased with the
produce of domestic industry, 294.-when
advantageously exported in a rude state,
even by a foreign capital, 303.-the quantity
of, in every country regulated by the de-
mand, 338.-wealth in goods and in money,

compared, 340.-exportation of, to a proper
market, attended with more profit than that of
gold and silver, 344.-the natural advantages
of countries in particular productions, sonie-
times not possible to struggle against, 356.
Company, mercantile, incapable of consulting
their true interests when they become sove-
reigns, 505.-an exclusive company, a public
nuisance, 508.-trading, how first formed,
579.-regulated and joint-stock companies
distinguished, ibid.-regulated companies in
Great Britain specified, 580.-are useless,
581. the constant view of such companies,
582.-forts and garrisons, why never main-
tained by regulated companies, 583.-the
nature of joint-stock companies, 585, 597-
a monopoly necessary to enable a joint-stock
company to carry on a foreign trade, ibid.-
what joint-stock companies need no exclusive
privileges, 598.-joint-stock companies, why
well adapted to the trade of banking, ibid.
the trade of insurance may be carried on
successfully by a stock company, 599.—also
inland navigations, and the supply of water
to a great city, ibid.-ill success of joint-
stock companies in other undertakings, 600.
Competition, the effect of, in purchase of com.
modities, 58.-among the vendors, 59, 82.
Concordat, the, in France, its object, 636.
Congress, American, its strength is owing to
the important characters it confers on the
members of it, 492.

Conversion price, in the payment of rents in
Scotland, explained, 159.

Copper, the standard measure of value among
the ancient Romans, 44.-is no legal tender
in England, 45.

Cori, the largest quadruped on the island of
St. Domingo, described, 439.

Corn, the raising of, in different countries, not
subject to the same degree of rivalship as
manufactures, 12.-the best standard for
reserved rents, 42.-price of, how regu-
lated, 43. price of, the best standard
for comparing the different values of par-
ticular commodities at different times and
places, 44.-the three component parts in the
price of, 53-is dearer in Scotland than in
England, 68.-its value compared with that
of butchers' meat, in the different periods of
agriculture, 130, 134.-compared with silver,
154.-circumstances in a historical view of
the prices of corn, that have misled writers
in treating of the value of silver at different
periods, 159.-is always a more accurate
measure of value than any other commodity,
162.-why dearer in great towns than in the
country, 164.-why dearer in some rich com-
mercial countries, as Holland and Genoa,
165.-rose in its nominal price on the dis-
covery of the American mines, 166.-and in
consequence of the civil war under Chas. I.,
168.-and in consequence of the bounty on
the exportation of, 170.-tendency of the
bounty examined, 170.-chronological table
of the prices of, 215.-the least profitable
article of growth in the British West Indian
colonies, 308.-restraints formerly laid upon
the trade of, unfavourable to the cultivation
of land, 313.-the free importation of, could
little affect the farmers of Great Britain, 358.
-the policy of the bounty on the exportation

of, examined, 394.-reduction in the price of
corn not produced by the bounty, 395.-
tillage not encouraged by the bounty, 396.-
money price of, regulates that of all other
home-made commodities, 397.-illustration,
398.-ill effects of the bounty, 400.-motives
of the country gentlemen in granting the
bounty, 401.-the natural value of corn not
to be altered by altering the money price,
402.-the four several branches of the corn
trade specified, 408.-the inland dealer, for
his own interest, will not raise the price of
corn higher than the scarcity of the season
requires, ibid.-corn a commodity the least
liable to be monopolized, 409.-the inland
dealers in corn too numerous and dispersed
to form a general combination, 410.-dearths
never artificial, but when government inter-
feres improperly to prevent them, 410.-the
freedom of the corn trade, the best security
against a famine, 411.-old English statute
to prohibit the corn trade, 412.-consequences
of farmers being forced to become corn
dealers, 413.-the use of corn-dealers to the
farmers, 415.-the prohibitory statute against
the corn trade softened, 416.-but still under
the influence of popular prejudices, 417.-
the average quantity of corn imported and
exported, compared with the consumption
and annual produce, ibid.-tendency of a
free importation of corn, 418.-the home
market the most important one for corn, ibid.
-duties payable on the importation of grain
before 13 Geo. III., 419, note.-the impro-
priety of the statute 22 Car. II. for regulating
the importation of wheat, confessed by the
suspension of its execution, by temporary
statutes, 419.-the home-market indirectly
supplied by the exportation of corn, ibid.-
how a liberal system of free exportation and
importation, among all nations, would operate,
421-the laws concerning corn, similar to
those relating to religion, 422.-the home-
market supplied by the carrying trade, ibid.
-the system of laws connected with the
establishment of the bounty, undeserving of
praise, 423.-on the statute 13 Geo. III., 424.
Corporations, tendency of the exclusive privi-
leges of, on trade, 62, 108.-by what authority
erected, 111.-the advantages corporations
derive from the surrounding country, 112.-
check the operations of competition, 115.-
their internal regulations, combinations
against the public, 116.-injurious, even to the
members of them, ibid.-laws of, obstruct
the free circulation of labour, from one em-
ployment to another, 122.-the origin of, 315.
-exempted by their privileges from the power
of the feudal barons, 316.-the European
East India companies disadvantageous to the
eastern commerce, 349.-exclusive privileges
of corporations ought to be destroyed, 365.
Cottagers, in Scotland, their situation described,
105.-are cheap manufacturers of stockings,
106.-the diminution of number of in Eng-
land considered, 193.

Coward, character of the, 620.
Crusades to the Holy Land, favourable to the

revival of commerce. 319.
Currency of states, remarks on, 372.
Customs, the motives and tendency of draw-
backs from the duties of, 389.-revenue of

the customs increased by drawbacks, 39-
occasion of first imposing the duties of, 579-
-origin of those duties, 699.-three ancient
branches of, 700.-drawbacks of, 701.-are
regulated according to the mercantile syster,
701.-frauds practised to obtain drawbacks
and bounties, 702.-the duties of, often
uncertain, 703.-improvement of, suggested,
704.-computation of the expense of collect-
ing them, 715.

DAIRY, the business of, generally carried on
as a save-all, 193. circumstances which
impede or promote the attention to it, 194.-
English and Scotch dairies, 195.

Danube, the navigation of that river, why of
little use to the interior parts of the country
from whence it flows, 32.

Davenant (Dr.), his objections to the transter-
ring the duties on beer to the malt, 710.
Dearths, never caused by combinations among
the dealers in corn, but by some general
calamity, 410.-the free exercise of the con
trade the best palliative against the inconve
niences of a dearth, 416.-corn dealers the
best friends to the people at such times, 417-
Debts, public, the origin of, 726.-accelerated
by the expenses attending war, 727.—the u
funded debt of Great Britain, 729.-the
funded debt, 730.-aggregate and general
funds, 731.-sinking fund, 732, 736.- -ang-
ties for terms of years, and for lives, 733-
the reduction of, during peace, bears no
proportion to its accumulation during war,
738.-the plea of the interest being no bur-
den to the nation, considered, 742.—are sel-
dom fairly paid when accumulated to a
certain degree, 744.-might easily be dis
charged, by extending the British system f
taxation over all the provinces of the empire,
748.-Ireland and America ought to co
tribute to discharge the public debts of
Britain, 757.

Decker (sir Mat.), on the accumulation of taxes,
695.-his proposal for transferring all taxes
to the consumer, by annual payments, 63.
Demand, though the increase of, may at first
raise the price of goods, it never fails to re-
duce it afterwards, 591.

Denmark, an account of the settlements of, in
the West Indies, 448.

Diamonds, the mines of, are not always
worth working for, 151.

Discipline, the great importance of, in war, 554-
-instances of, 554.

Diversions, public, their political use, 629.
Domingo (St.), mistaken by Columbus for a
part of the East Indies, 439.-its principal
productions, 440.-the natives soon stripped
of all their gold, 441.-historical view of the
French colony there, 449.

Doomsday-book, the intention of that cele-
brated compilation, 661.

Dorians, ancient, where colonies of, settled, 435.
Dramatic exhibitions, political use of, 629.
Drawbacks, in commerce, explained, 350-
motives to, and tendency of, 389-on wines,
currants, and wrought silks, 390. —on tobacc
and sugar, ibid.-on wines, particularly, com
sidered, 391.-were originally granted to
encourage the carrying, trade, 392-the
revenue of the customs increased by them,

393.-drawbacks allowed in favour of the

colonies, 459.

Drugs, the regulations of their importation and
exportation, 519.

Drunkenness, the motive to this vice inquired
into, 384.

Dutch, their settlements in America slow in im-
provement, because under the government of
an exclusive company, 448.-their East India
trade checked by monopoly, 500.-measures
taken to secure monopoly of spice trade, 503.

EAST INDIA, miserable state of the provinces
of, under the English government there, 71.
-historical view of the European trade with
those countries, 175.-rice countries more
populous and rich than corn countries, 176.-
the real price of labour lower in China and
Hindostan than in the greater part of
Europe, 177.-gold and silver the most profit-
able commodities to carry thither, 178.-pro-
portional value of gold to silver, how rated
there, 181. great extension of foreign com-
merce by the discovery of a passage to, round
the Cape of Good Hope, 101.-historical
review of the intercourse with, 102.-effect
of the annual exportation of silver to, from
Europe, ibid.-trade with, chiefly carried on
by exclusive companies, 249.-tendency of
their monopolies, ibid.-company, a mono-
poly against the very nation in which it is
erected, ibid.-operation of such a company
in a poor and in a rich country, compared,
250.-that country whose capital is not
large enough to tend to such a distant trade
ought not to engage in it, 251.-mercantile
habits of trading companies render them
incapable of consulting their true interests
when they become sovereigns, 254.-genius
of the administration of the English company
255.-subordinate practices of their agents
and clerks, 256.-bad conduct of agents in
India owing to their situation, 257.- such an
exclusive company a nuisance in every
respect, 258.-brief review of their history,
590.-their privileges invaded, ibid.-a rival
company formed, 591.-the two companies
united, 592.- are infected by the spirit of
war and conquest, 593.-agreements between
the company and government, ibid.-inter-
ference of government in their territorial
administration, 594.-and in the direction at
home, ibid.-why unfit to govern a great
empire, 595.-their sovereign and commercial
characters incompatible, 648.-how the terri-
torial acquisitions of, might be rendered a
source of revenue, 759.

Economists, sect of, in France, their political
tenets, 526.

Edinburgh, its present share of trade owing to
removal of the court and parliament, 270.
Education, the principal cause of the various
talents observable in different men, 28.-
those parts of, for which there are no public
institutions, generally the best taught, 604.-
in universities, a view of, 608.-of travelling
for, 610.-course of, in the republics of
ancient Greece, 611.-in ancient Rome, ibid.

ancient teachers superior to those in modern
times, 615.-public institutions injurious to
good education, 616.-how far the public
ought to attend to the education of the
people, ibid. different opportunities of

education in the different ranks of the people,
618.-advantages of a proper attention in the
state to the education of the people, 621.
Egypt, the first country in which agriculture
and manufactures appear to have been culti-
vated, 31.-agriculture greatly favoured
there, 540.-long the granary of the Roman
empire, 541.

Ejectment, action of, in England, when in-
vented, and its operation, 310.

of

the

Employments, the advantages and disadvan
tages of the different kinds of, in the same
neighbourhood, continually tend to equality,
91.-the differences or inequalities among,
specified, 92.-the constancy or precarious-
ness of, influences the rate of wages, 95.
England, the dates of its several species of
coinage, silver, gold, and copper, 45.-why
labour is cheaper there than in North
America, 198.-rate of population in both
countries compared, 200.-the produce and
labour of, have gradually increased from the
earliest accounts in history, while writers are
representing the country as rapidly declining,
276.-enumeration of obstructions and cala-
mities which the prosperity of the country has
surmounted, ibid.-circumstances that favour
commerce and manufactures, 330.-laws in
favour of agriculture, 331.-why formerly
unable to carry on foreign wars of long
duration, 346.-why the commerce with
France has been subjected to so many dis-
couragements, 387. foundation
enmity between these countries, 388.-the
value of the trade with Portugal, 429.-
might procure gold without the Portugal
trade, ibid.-consequences of securing the
colonial trade by the navigation act, 470.
Entails, the law of, prevents division of land
by alienation, 304.-intention of, 305.
Europe, general review of the several nations
of, as to their improvement since the dis-
covery of America, 174.-the two richest
countries in, enjoy the greatest shares of the
carrying trade, 504.-the advantages derived
by, from the discovery and colonization of
America, 216.-particular advantages derived
by each colonizing country, 218.-and by
others which have no colonies, 245.
Exchange, the operation of, in the commercial
intercourse of different countries, 336.-the
course of, an uncertain criterion of the
balance of trade between two countries, 369.
-is generally in favour of those countries
which pay in bank money, against those
which pay in common currency, 380.

Excise, the principal objects of, 699.--the
duties of more clear and distinct than the
customs, 703.-affects only a few articles of
the most general consumption, 704.-the
excise scheme of sir Robt. Walpole defended,
706.-the excise upon home-made fermented
and spirituous liquors, the most productive,
707.-Expense of levying excise duties com
puted, 715.-the laws of, more vexatious than
those of the customs, 717.

Exercise, military, alteration in, produced by
the invention of fire-arms, 553.
Expenses, private, how they influence the
national capital, 278.-advantage of bestow-
ing them on durable commodities, 279.
Export trade, the principles of, 293.-when
rude produce may be advantageously ex-