after an experience of enforcement ranging from one to nine years and to meet new conditions created by the introduction of new machinery and processes in the various industries. Rule No. 1. 2, 3. 4. 5. 10. 15. Following is the list of rules comprising the Industrial Code: 25. 200-232. 300-347. Cannery Labor Camps.. Bakeries and Confectioneries. Existing Fire Escapes. Elevators... Fireproof and Fire Resisting Material. Foundries.. Milling Industry. Dust, Gases and Fumes. Boilers. Dangerous Machinery. Mines. Quarries. Work in Compressed Air. Building Operations.. Tunnel Construction. 22 and 25 The Division has continued its work in connection with applications for variations affecting new construction. During the year there were referred to the Division 49 petitions for variations. In each case public hearing was held, data collected and a report submitted to the Industrial Commissioner, together with the recommendations of the Referees. The Division will continue its work as outlined above, which requires a great amount of research work and the gathering of data. We take this opportunity to express our appreciation of the assistance so generously given by the voluntary members of the advisory committees and to all others that have furnished data or in any other way assisted the Division in its work. RICHARD J. CULLEN, Industrial Code Referee. THOMAS C. EIPPER, Industrial Code Referee. DIVISION OF WOMEN IN INDUSTRY The growing theory of the function of State Departments of Labor is that these departments should primarily function as a service to industry, and that their function should be not only to enforce laws but to develop new standards, to act as advisors to all persons concerned in industry, and to carry on educational work. To promote the latter function, the Division of Women in Industry was created in the fall of 1918. Although during these four years the Division has changed from a temporary war service created to meet an emergency of war conditions to a permanent Bureau, its functions have not altered. The Division has worked on the theory that orderly thinking must wait on the orderly marshalling of facts, and in its work has attempted to dig out facts and present them in a manner approved by radical and conservative, employer and employee, in short, by all honest thinking persons. The Division investigates and studies the social questions involved in women's work, and tries to develop standards which will promote the welfare of wage-earning women, improve their working conditions, increase their efficiency and advance their opportunity for profitable employment. Special Studies In April, 1921, the Division of Women in Industry published a fifty-six page report on Industrial Posture and Seating. This was the first intensive study that had ever been published on this subject. In compiling this study the Division communicated with every known source of help, with the idea of gathering together experiments and designs from those who had given the matter serious consideration, i. e., industrial engineers, physicians, chair manufacturers, official and unofficial bodies, workers and employers. There were fifty-one illustrations in this report showing various examples of good and bad posture, or how individual employers had worked out the question of seating in their plants. In this way the report was made as suggestive as possible to the employer and manager. The body of the report resolved itself into a discussion of one of the preventable causes of fatigue, bad posture in industry. The need for such a study has been demonstrated by the fact that members of the staff of the Division have been constantly called upon to discuss this subject at meetings of engineers, employers and doctors. Articles prepared by members of the staff of the Division have also appeared in a number of trade and health magazines. That employers were cognizant of the need of advice and help on industrial posture and seating, is evidenced by the fact that since the publication of the report, the Division has had more than one hundred requests from employers for suggestions and advice, and the printed supply of the report has been exhausted. Co-operating with the Joint Board of Sanitary Control the Division made a special study of seating in the ladies' garment industry. As a result of this study a permanent exhibit was planned, and a series of experiments in seating, combined with physical examinations, was undertaken by the Educational Department of the Joint Board. Other experiments were tried and are still being tried by individual employers, and the Division believes that only by such studies can the problem be worked out. The Employment of Women in Five and Ten-Cent Stores was published by the Division in September, 1921. With the phenomenal growth and development of chain systems of merchandising, it was felt that the human side as well as questions of merchandising should be studied so that new standards and policies might grow and be intelligently formulated. Seventeen cities were included in this study. Emphasis was put on the hours and wages, physical working conditions, opportunities for advancement, employment and training. The report concluded with definite recommendations for attention on the part of the employers for a well-defined, properly functioned, personnel policy, adequate wages and opportunities for advancement. In April, 1922, there appeared the third publication of the Division, Women Who Work, the purpose of which was to present in concise convenient form facts relating to the employment of women in this State. The 1920 census figures dealing with sex and occupational classifications were analyzed and discussed. By such analysis it was possible to judge with fair accuracy how many women were employed in the State in 1920 as compared with the number of men, and on what types of work these women were engaged. The Division is constantly asked where do women work, what kind of jobs do they hold, what are their hours of employment, what wages do they receive and are they confronted with problems different from those confronting working men? The report is proof positive that women are in industry to stay and that their growth and development in all kinds of industry makes it more and more necessary to study their problems and to try to scientifically formulate policies which will release their best energies. In addition to its other publications the Division published An Abstract of Laws Governing the Employment of Women in New York State. This was done with the idea of presenting in a readable, concise way, laws which are too unfamiliar to employers and workers alike. Thousands of these abstracts have been distributed. From time to time the Division is called upon to make special investigations for the Industrial Board and The Industrial Commissioner, on matters relating to the employment of women which come before them for action. The Chief of the Division serves also as a member of the Committee on Approval of the State Department of Labor, and on Code Committees where the health and welfare of women are involved. Service to Employers In addition to the special studies which the Division has made, it constantly acts in a consulting capacity to employers on the satisfactory employment of women. This has sometimes meant the simple process of raising a lever, a recommendation that a woman employment or personnel manager be engaged, or that turnover records be used. In addition to this kind of service the employers are constantly using the Division as a clearing house to pass on to them the result of scientific studies which have been made, not only in this country but abroad. In three instances during this year large employers of labor who contemplated a change of wage rates, called upon the Division for cost of living figures, and for definite recommendations as to the minimum wage which they should pay their employees. Conferences It is the aim of the Division of Women in Industry to hold conferences throughout the State with those individuals or agencies which are deeply interested and concerned in the employment of women. These conferences have brought about co-operation between the Division and individuals of this group, and have meant an interchanging of ideas which have been most helpful. Bureau of Advice and Information The Division also maintains, in co-operation with other organizations, a Bureau of Advice and Information for employment bureaus in New York City. As a basis for this advice the investigations of the firms which were made by the Federal Employment Bureau during the period of the war are used. The Division has held monthly conferences with heads of these Bureaus and has published eight times in the past year a pamphlet for placement workers called The Gist. The idea of this service is to prevent overlapping in investigations and to keep the placement workers in touch with industrial conditions. Cooperation with Other Agencies The Division of Women in Industry believes in the heartiest co-operation with all agencies which are interested in the employment of women; much overlapping and overlooking can thus be prevented. To this end the Division works with committees of employees, women's clubs, employers and associations interested. in industrial problems. Special Studies of the Division of Women in Industry to July 1, 1922 PUBLISHED The Industrial Replacement of Men by Women The Telephone Industry Industrial Posture and Seating The Employment of Women in Five and Ten-Cent Stores Women Who Work A Digest of Labor Laws Affecting Women UNPUBLISHED Women in the Candy Industry Women in the Transportation Industry Women in the Paper Box Industry Feeble Minded Women as Industrial Workers Women in Canneries Turnover Among Women Work Accidents Among Women Tipping and Its Relation to Wages The Night Work Law as It Affects Linotypists, Monotypists and Proofreaders in Newspaper Offices. PENDING Work Accidents to Children Under 18 Years of Age Chief, Division of Women in Industry. DIVISION OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE This report covers the eighth year of work performed by the Division, during which period the same line of procedure followed in previous years was carried out. The scope of the work can be judged by the subjects dealt with, which involved the examinations of plans for approval or disapproval relating to local and general ventilating systems, the preparation of special bulletins, the investigation of special trades, the investigation of occupational diseases reported to the Department, miscellaneous technical work, under which falls. photographic work, approval of processes to be used for disinfecting mattresses, pillows, bedding, etc., chemical and microscopical work, photometric measurements relating to artificial lighting systems, and other branches of scientific research. Plan Examination in Ventilating Systems Every order relating to the removal of dust, fumes, gases, vapors or heated air, issued by the Factory or Mercantile Divisions of the Inspection Bureau, calls for plans to be filed for approval before attempting to change, alter or provide new exhaust or ventilating systems. Such plans, filed by contractors or proprietors, were in all cases referred to the Division of Industrial Hygiene for examination. Errors, omissions, improper principles, where the idea set |