2. Recalls that:

(a) the resources which member nations intend to devote to their defence effort as well as the level, composition and quality of the forces which the member nations are contributing to the defence of the North Atlantic area are each year subject to collective examination in the NATO Annual Review for the purpose of reaching agreement on force goals, taking into account expected mutual aid;

(b) the defence expenditures incurred by the member nations and the extent to which the recommendations emerging from the Annual Review have been carried out are the subject of periodical review during the year.

3. Agrees with the terms of the Agreement on Forces of Western European Union; and that with respect to the forces which the members of Western European Union will place under NATO Command on the mainland of Europe and for which maximum figures have been established in that Agreement, if at any time during the NATO Annual Review recommendations are put forward, the effect of which would be to increase the level of forces above the limits established in this Agreement, the acceptance by the country concerned of such recommended increases shall be subject to unanimous approval by the members of Western European Union, expressed either in the Council of Western European Union or in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

4. Decides that all forces of member nations stationed in the area. of the Allied Command Europe shall be placed under the authority of the Supreme Allied Commander Europe or other appropriate NATO Command and under the direction of the NATO military authorities with the exception of those forces intended for the defence of overseas territories and other forces which the North Atlantic Treaty Organization has recognised or will recognise as suitable to remain under national command.

5. Invites member nations to make an initial report for consideration and recognition by the Council on those forces which they plan to maintain within the area of Allied Command Europe for the common defence, but not to place under the authority of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, taking into account the provisions of relevant NATO directives bearing on that subject; the initial report will include a broad statement of the reason for which the above forces are not so placed. Thereafter, if any changes are proposed, the North Atlantic Council action on the NATO Annual Review will constitute. recognition as to the suitability and size of forces to be placed under the authority of the appropriate NATO Command and those to be retained under national command.

6. Notes that the agreements concluded within the framework of the Organization of Western European Union on the internal defence and police forces which the members of that Organization will maintain on the mainland2 shall be notified to the North Atlantic Council. 7. Agrees, in the interest of most effective collective defence, that

1 Protocol No. II of Oct. 23, 1954, to the Brussels Treaty, supra, pp. 977-979. 2 See article 5 of this protocol supra, p. 978.

in respect of combat forces in the area of Allied Command Europe and under the Supreme Allied Commander Europe;

(a) all deployments shall be in accordance with NATO strategy; (b) the location of forces in accordance with NATO operational plans shall be determined by the Supreme Allied Commander Europe after consultation and agreement with the national authorities concerned;

(c) forces under the Supreme Allied Commander Europe and within the area of Allied Command Europe shall not be redeployed or used operationally within that area without the consent of the Supreme Allied Commander Europe, subject to political guidance furnished by the North Atlantic Council, when appropriate, through normal channels.

8. Decides That:

(a) integration of forces at Army Group and Tactical Air Force level shall be maintained;

(b) in view of the powerful combat support units and logistic support organization at Army level, integration at that level and associated Air Force level will be the rule, wherever formations of several nationalities are operating in the same area and on a common task, provided there are no overriding objections from the point of view of military effectiveness;

(c) wherever military efficiency permits, in light of the size, location and logistic support of forces, integration at lower levels, both in the land and air forces, shall be achieved to the maximum extent possible;

(d) proposals to the North Atlantic Council, indicating any increases in commonly financed items of expenditure, such as infrastructure which might be entailed by the adoption of such measures, should be submitted by the NATO military authorities.

9. Agrees that, in order to improve the capability of the Supreme Allied Commander Europe to discharge his responsibilities in the defence of Allied Command Europe, his responsibilities and powers for the logistic support of the forces placed under his authority shall be extended.

10. Considers that these increased responsibilities and powers should include authority:

(a) to establish, in consultation with the national authorities concerned, requirements for the provision of logistic resources; 1

1

(b) to determine, in agreement with the national authorities concerned, their geographic distribution;

(c) to establish, in consultation with these authorities, logistic priorities for the raising, equipping and maintenance of units;

(d) to direct the utilisation, for meeting his requirements, of those portions of the logistic support systems made available to him by the appropriate authorities;

(e) to co-ordinate and supervise the use, for logistical purposes,

1 By logistic resources should be understood all the matériel, supplies, installations and parts thereof necessary for the prolonged conduct of combat operations. [Footnote in original.]

of NATO common infrastructure facilities and of those national facilities made available to him by the national authorities.

11. Agrees that, in order to ensure that adequate information is obtained and made available to the appropriate authorities about the forces placed under the Supreme Allied Commander Europe including reserve formations and their logistic support within the area of Allied Command Europe, the Supreme Allied Commander Europe shall be granted increased authority to call for reports regarding the level and effectiveness of such forces and their armaments, equipment and supplies as well as the organization and location of their logistic arrangements. He shall also make field inspections within that area

as necessary.

12. Invites nations to submit to the Supreme Allied Commander Europe such reports to this end as he may call for from time to time; and to assist inspection within the area of Allied Command Europe by the Supreme Allied Commander Europe of these forces and their logistic support arrangements as necessary.

13. Confirms that the powers exercised by the Supreme Allied Commander Europe in peacetime extend not only to the organization into an effective integrated force of the forces placed under him but also to their training; that in this field, the Supreme Allied Commander Europe has direct control over the higher training of all national forces assigned to his command in peacetime; and that he should receive facilities from member nations to inspect the training of those cadre and other forces within the area of Allied Command Europe earmarked for that Command.

14. Directs the NATO military authorities to arrange for the designation by the Supreme Allied Commander Europe of a highranking officer of his Command who will be authorised to transmit regularly to the Council of Western European Union information relating to the forces of the members of Western European Union on the mainland of Europe acquired as a result of the reports and inspections mentioned in paragraphs 11 and 12 in order to enable that Council to establish that the limits laid down in the special agreement mentioned in paragraph 3 above are being observed.

15. Agrees that the expression "the area of Allied Command Europe" as used throughout this Resolution shall not include North Africa; and that this Resolution does not alter the present status of the United Kingdom and United States forces in the Mediterranean.

16. Directs the NATO Military Committee to intiate the necessary changes in the directives to give effect to the above policies and objectives of the North Atlantic Council.

[THE PARIS CONFERENCE: Report by the Secretary of State to the President and the Cabinet, October 25, 1954]1

1 Broadcast to the Nation over radio and television; Report to the President and the Cabinet at the White House-October 25, 1954 (Department of State publication, Series S, No. 25; 1954).

20. STATEMENT BY THE SECRETARY OF STATE BEFORE THE SENATE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, MARCH 29, 19551

The documents before your committee will, when operative, lay the basis for a new Europe.2 They can bring about a unity and security in Europe for which the United States has long hoped and in pursuit of which our Nation has made great sacrifices.

The two world wars of this century made it evident that Western civilization cannot survive if the nations of Western Europe continue to fight each other. Already they have expended so much blood and treasure in their wars that they have gravely depleted their strength. In consequence, Western civilization, with its dedication to human liberty and dignity, can now be seriously challenged by an atheistic system which treats human beings as animated bits of matter to be ordered into conformity by despotic rulers.

Western Europe, long the cradle of Western civilization and of Christianity, has now what is probably its last chance to survive as a place of human welfare. That last chance is embodied in the documents before you.

These documents will produce the following concrete results:

(1) They will restore sovereignty to the Federal Republic of Germany-sovereignty which, taken away when Germany surrendered. almost exactly 10 years ago, cannot any longer be justifiably withheld;

(2) They will forge a lasting unity of seven Western European nations Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom-under the Brussels Treaty of 1948, amended and enlarged to make it a treaty for Western European Union;

(3) They will inaugurate a system of military limitations and controls which will provide substantial insurance against militarization;

(4) They will bring the Federal Republic of Germany into the North Atlantic Treaty, thus adding an essential element of strength and making possible an effective defense of Western Europe through implementation of a forward strategy;

(5) They will assure, through action of the North Atlantic Treaty Council, a close integration of the armed forces in Europe of the member countries, thereby giving assurance that these forces cannot be used for nationalistic aggression or otherwise than for the security purposes envisioned by the treaty.

The sum total of the foregoing is a Western Europe which will have a large measure of unity and of controlled strength and which, through that unity and strength, can contribute mightily to its own welfare and to that of others.

'Department of State Bulletin, Apr. 11, 1955, pp. 605-609.

The Secretary was testifying concerning S. Execs. L and M, 83d Cong., 2d sess.

EDC CONCEPT

You will recall that it was originally sought to establish a European Defense Community consisting of six continental countries-Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. This had been proposed in 1950 by the French Minister of Defense,1 and after long negotiation it resulted in 1952 in three treaties-a treaty to create the European Defense Community;2 a convention (often called the Bonn Convention) to restore sovereignty to the Federal Republic of Germany;3 and a protocol to extend the North Atlantic Treaty area to include Western Germany. The United States was a party to the two last-named treaties, and in July 1952 the Senate gave its advice and consent to their ratification. However, this action by the United States came to naught because the treaty to create the European Defense Community was rejected by the French Assembly on August 30, 1954.

In vigilant anticipation of that possibility, the United States Senate, on July 30, 1954, by a vote of 88 to 0 had adopted a resolution which expressed the wish of the Senate "to restore sovereignty to Germany and to enable her to contribute to the maintenance of international peace and security." The President was asked to act accordingly.

This cooperation between the Executive and the Senate and the unanimous participation therein by the Senate put the President, and me on his behalf, in a position to deal effectively with the grave situation which resulted when, 30 days later, the European Defense Community was finally rejected.

The European Defense Community was a European concept designed to deal with a European problem. It was thus preferable that the initiative in finding a substitute should come from the European countries. Fortunately, that initiative was not lacking. Mr. Eden, now Sir Anthony Eden, the British Foreign Minister, consulted with the governments which had signed the EDC Treaty in an effort to discover whether the Brussels Pact of 1948 might provide the framework for substitute arrangements. At the same time I flew to Europe to consult with Chancellor Adenauer and with Mr. Eden. Although Mr. Eden's consultations were not conclusive, the prospects warranted convening a conference of the governments most directly concerned. Accordingly, the six signatories of the Epc Treaty, plus the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada, met in London in late September 1954.

6

1 M. Pleven's proposals were set forth in an address in the French National Assembly, Oct. 24, 1950; Documents on International Affairs, 1949-1950 (London, 1953), pp. 339–344.

2 Treaty of May 27, 1952; supra, pp. 1107-1150.
Convention of May 26, 1952; S. Execs. Q and R, 82d Cong., 2d sess.,
Protocol of May 27, 1952; ibid., pp. 23-24.

5 Infra, p. 1732.

pp.

9-22.

For the communiqué issued at Bonn, Sept. 17, 1954, on Secretary Dulles' talks with Chancellor Adenauer, see the Department of State Bulletin, Sept. 27, 1954, p. 434. The communiqué issued at London on the same date on Secretary Dulles' talks with the British Foreign Secretary appears ibid.