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with minimum delay, of the European Defense Community, which will promote sincere cooperation between France and Germany and thus serve the interests of the Atlantic Community as well as advance the security and unity of Europe.

The two delegations noted with satisfaction the agreement by the Interim Committee of the European Defense Community on the protocols interpretative to the Treaty. For their part the representatives of France foresaw their acceptance by their Government.

It was recognized that this important step toward ratification of the Treaty would enable rapid progress in the Interim Committee on the technical steps preparatory to the Treaty coming into force and thereby ensure that its benefits would be secured as soon as possible after ratification.

The importance of a settlement of the question of the Saar was recognized and it was agreed that this should be sought at the earliest opportunity on a basis which would provide a European status for the Saar conforming to the principles of the European Defense and the Coal and Steel Communities. The French delegation explained in detail the reasons which, in its view, justify and render necessary a Franco-German agreement on such a settlement 2 prior to ratification of the European Defense Community Treaty.

6. The French delegation explained the economic and budgetary implications for France of carrying out her defense programs in Europe as well as in the Far East.

7. The two delegations recognized that the European Defense Community is to be constituted within a constantly developing Atlantic Community.

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Therefore they place great importance upon efforts to improve the effectiveness of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

This general question as well as that of the essential balance between military necessities and economic possibilities will again be considered during the next meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Paris on April 23.1

8. The participation by France in the European Community alters in no way her interests and responsibilities outside of Europe. In the light of the world position of both nations, which is reflected in particular in the charter of the United Nations, the United States Government and the Government of France will consult with one another on general problems as occasion demands in the future as in the past.

9. An exchange of views was also held on economic and financial questions.

The discussions included a survey of the budgetary position and outlook as well as a review of economic developments in the United States and in France.

1 See the additional protocols to the EDC Treaty proposed by the French Government and accepted by the Interim Committee, Mar. 24, 1953; Documents on International Affairs, 1953 (London, 1956), pp. 213–218.

2 See supra, p. 613, footnote 1.

3 See supra, pp. 1171 and 1173-1174.

4 See supra, pp. 1631-1633.

The French representatives outlined their views on the recent talks at the Organization for European Economic Cooperation in Paris concerning progress toward better balanced and expanding world trade, and the objective of convertibility of currencies and multilateral trade and payments. It was agreed that steps to advance this progress would require further study by the United States, the member countries of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation and other governments.

65. ASSURANCES TO FRANCE: Letter From the President of the United States to the President of the French Republic,2 June 18, 1954 3

MY DEAR PRESIDENT COTY: I write to assure you that in these troubled days my country remains warm in its sympathy and staunch in its friendship for your country.

It is of the utmost concern to my country, and indeed to peoples everywhere, that France should continue to play her historic role as the champion of liberty, equality, and fraternity, and as a master craftsman of new and better human relationships.

The United States hopes to see realized, while the opportunity still exists, the imaginative and epochal French concept for blending national military forces on the continent of Europe so that they will perform a single service of peace and security. I want to assure you that the pledge of support embodied in my message of April 16 to Monsieur Laniel still stands, and will continue available to his suc

cessor.

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In Indochina our nation has long shown its deep concern by heavy financial and material aid which continues. The proposals for a united defense which we submitted to Monsieur Laniel represented on our part a momentous and grave decision. Nothing has happened here to change the attitude thus expressed, even though the lapse of time and the events which have come to pass have, of course, created a new situation. But I assure you that we shall be ready in the same spirit to open new discussions as the forthcoming French Government" may deem it opportune.

I have mentioned two aspects of our relations which imperatively demand high governmental attention. You can be sure that they

1 This meeting was held Mar. 23-24, 1953; for the text of the resolutions adopted at this meeting, see Documents on International Affairs, 1953 (London, 1956), pp. 239-243.

M. René Coty, elected Dec. 17, 1953, for the 7-year term 1954–1960; inaugurated Jan. 16, 1954.

3 Department of State Bulletin, June 28, 1954, p. 990-991; see also ibid., July 5, 1954, pp. 13-14.

i. e., the message of Apr. 15, 1954, from President Eisenhower to the heads of government of the EDC countries; supra, pp. 1198-1200.

M. Joseph Laniel, Premier from June 28, 1953, to June 12, 1954.

The "forthcoming French Government" was the Cabinet headed by M. Pierre Mendès-France, appointed June 18, 1954.

will be dealt with upon the foundation of the respect and affection for France which is felt by many millions of individual American citizens. Our past associations have brought sorrows and joys which have indelibly pressed their image upon the very heart of our nations and this is, on our side, a guarantee of our future attitude.

I shall be talking informally with Sir Winston Churchill and Mr. Eden next week' and I look forward to resuming with the Government of France such intimate conversations as I have had in the past both as President and previously when I served in Europe in our common cause first of liberation from one tyranny and then of defense against another tyranny.

I extend to you, my dear Mr. President, my respectful greetings. DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER

66. REVIEW OF FRENCH INTERESTS AND POLICIES: Franco-American Communiqué, November 20, 19542

1. Following his talk with the President of the United States [on November 18], the Prime Minister of France3 met with the Secretary of State on Thursday, November 18, Friday, November 19, and Saturday, November 20. Officials of the two Governments were present. The conversations took place in a spirit of cooperation and mutual confidence and have brought out once again the fundamental unity of outlook of the two countries, and their unshakeable faith and determination in the cause of peace and freedom, which are shared by all other like-minded governments and by all the peoples of the world. 2. With regard to Europe, it was agreed that the early ratification. of the Paris agreements by all countries concerned will strengthen the unity of the Western World. It should open the way for consideration of means of improving international relations, in accordance with the spirit and the goals of the Charter of the United Nations, both Governments being ready to enter, not into improvised debates intended mainly for propaganda, but into adequately prepared negotiations, carried on in good faith.

3. The Prime Minister reviewed hopefully the prospects for establishing increasingly fruitful relations between France and Germany as a basic contribution to the creation of a united and peaceful Europe, to which the United States also attaches great importance.

4. The understandings reached with regard to Cambodia, Laos and Viet-Nam in the talks of September 27-29 between representatives of the Governments of France and the United States in Washington were reaffirmed. Agreement was reached on coordinated procedures

1 See joint statements of June 28, 1954 (infra, pp. 1705-1706) and June 29, 1954 (infra, p. 1707).

Department of State Bulletin, Nov. 29, 1954, p. 804. 3 M. Pierre Mendès-France.

Supra, pp. 483-612 and 972-989.

'See communiqué of Sept. 29, 1954; infra, pp. 2400-2401.

and periodic reviews required to carry out the policies of France and the United States in that area designed to assist the Associated States to maintain their freedom and independence.

The Chiefs of the diplomatic missions of Cambodia, Laos and VietNam in Washington have been informed of the exchange of views relating to their countries.

5. The Prime Minister reviewed the recent events in North Africa which created obstacles to the policy inaugurated by the French Government. He nevertheless expressed the hope that proposals already made would lead to a prompt solution. He stressed that external influences have affected the situation in North Africa and compromised the security of this region. The Secretary of State declared that he would give serious consideration to the matter.

Iceland

67. DEFENSE OF ICELAND: Agreement Between the United States and the Republic of Iceland, May 5, 1951 2

PREAMBLE

Having regard to the fact that the people of Iceland cannot themselves adequately secure their own defenses, and whereas experience has shown that a country's lack of defenses greatly endangers its security and that of its peaceful neighbors, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization has requested, because of the unsettled state of world affairs, that the United States and Iceland in view of the collective efforts of the parties to the North Atlantic Treaty to preserve peace and security in the North Atlantic Treaty area, make arrangements for the use of facilities in Iceland in defense of Iceland and thus also the North Atlantic Treaty area. In conformity with this proposal the following Agreement has been entered into.

ARTICLE I

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The United States on behalf of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and in accordance with its responsibilities under the North Atlantic Treaty will make arrangements regarding the defense of Iceland subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement. For

1 See Premier Mendès-France's proposals for autonomy for Tunisia, July 31, 1954; Documents on American Foreign Relations, 1954 (New York, 1955), pp. 400– 403. 2 TIAS 2266; 2 UST 1195. An annex to this agreement was signed, May 8, 1951, regulating the status of United States personnel and property in Iceland under the defense agreement (TIAS 2295; 2 UST 1533).

3 Supra, pp. 812-815.

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this purpose and in view of the defense of the North Atlantic Treaty area, Iceland will provide such facilities in Iceland as are mutually agreed to be necessary.

ARTICLE II

Iceland will make all acquisitions of land and other arrangements required to permit entry upon and use of facilities in accordance with this Agreement, and the United States shall not be obliged to compensate Iceland or any national of Iceland or other person for such entry or use.

ARTICLE III

The national composition of forces, and the conditions under which they may enter upon and make use of facilities in Iceland pursuant to this Agreement, shall be determined in agreement with Iceland.

ARTICLE IV

The number of personnel to be stationed in Iceland pursuant to this Agreement shall be subject to the approval of the Icelandic Government.

ARTICLE V

The United States in carrying out its responsibilities under this Agreement shall do so in a manner that contributes to the maximum safety of the Icelandic people, keeping always in mind that Iceland has a sparse population and has been unarmed for centuries. Nothing in this Agreement shall be so construed as to impair the ultimate authority of Iceland with regard to Icelandic affairs.

ARTICLE VI

The Agreement of October 7, 1946, between the United States and Iceland for interim use of Keflavik Airport shall terminate upon the coming into force of this Agreement whereupon Iceland will assume direction of and responsibility for civil aviation operations at Keflavik Airport. The United States and Iceland will negotiate appropriate arrangements concerning the organization of the Airport to coordinate the operation thereof with the defense of Iceland.

ARTICLE VII

Either Government may at any time, on notification to the other Government, request the Council of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to review the continued necessity for the facilities and their utilization, and to make recommendations to the two Governments concerning the continuation of this Agreement. If no understanding between the two Governments is reached as a result of such request for review within a period of six months from the date of the original

1 TIAS 1566; 61 Stat., pt. 3, p. 2426.

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