removal equipment of the city.

Van Wert, Ohio.-Four horse-drawn snow-plows made by the city comprise the snow equipment of Van Wert, according to E. O. Hughes, Director of Public Service.

Oberlin, Ohio.-W. F. Schickler, City Engineer, reports that one Ford, one snowplow and a horse-drawn wagon comprise the snow-removal equipment.

East Cleveland, Ohio.-Paul B. Wilcox, Assistant City Manager, reports that two Fords which are used by the street department throughout the year for various work, are used for snow removal in winter; one Fordson tractor will be used for the first time this winter with a grader as a snowplow on streets; and two horse-drawn wagons which are used by the street department throughout the year, make up the snow removal equipment. East Cleveland uses V-type snow-plows, drawn by one horse, to clear the sidewalks and some of the streets. This year the tractor will help. They only clear the snow from in front of stores. The street car company uses an electric sweeper, which opens a large portion of the down-town streets.

Spokane, Wash.-According to Leonard.

F. Works, Commissioner of Public Works, the city owns twenty-five motor trucks (Spokane, White and GMC) three tractors (Holt and Yuba), and one Holt snow-plow. Horse-drawn wagons are hired from local contractors as required. The city also owns one gutter plow designed and made by the city.

La Crosse, Wis.-According to a report received from La Crosse, the entire snowrenoval equipment consists of three snowplows.

Milwaukee, Wis.-Charles O. Davis, Superintendent of Streets, reports that the city owns ten 5-ton Kelly, Sterling and Mack trucks, ten Baker and Champion snow-plows and a number of 3-yard Ward wagons, in addition to two 3-foot two- and four-horse road graders, which it uses for snow removal

Mineral Point, Wis.-T. H. Gaven, Chairman, Street and Sidewalks Committee, reports that one motor truck and one horse-drawn wagon are used for snow removal in that city.

Rhinelander, Wis.-Arthur O. Rendell, City Engineer, reports that one 5-ton Holt tractor and snow-plow is used to handle all the snow-removal work in the city.

T

HE more heavily traveled roads in Newton, Mass., are surfaced with bituminous macadam averaging 31⁄2 to 4 inches in thickness, constructed by the penetration process, using as a binder bitumen of either tar or asphaltic composition, laid on old macadam or gravel roads as a base. The lighter-traveled streets are water-bound macadam or gravel covered with a blanket coat of asphaltic oil or light tar, and sanded. The city has sufficient mileage of these two types of surfacing so that the cost of construction of the former and the maintenance of both types may be taken as representative.

The following table shows for a period of years the amount and costs of new bituminous surfacing, repairs and patching (exclusive of cleaning) of all the city's public ways, and the sprinkling of the larger portion of its streets. The average yardage of the roadways is about 21⁄2 square yards per lineal foot. The city has 153 miles of public ways, including 43 miles surfaced with bituminous macadam:

rial being used in about equal amounts. The cost of this work is assessed on the abutting property, the rate varying from 3 to 5 cents per lineal foot of frontage from year to year.

According to Edwin H. Rogers, City Engineer, Newton, Mass., in the Journal of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers, Volume X, No. 5, the city has experimented with practically all commercial road surfacing materials which it has seemed expedient to try, and at present uses for its penetration work bitumen of asphaltic composition to a somewhat greater extent than tar preparations, as it appears that the cost of maintenance of the former is somewhat less, although detailed records are not kept. Non-asphaltic oils were used to some extent in previous years on lateral residential streets, but these materials are not now employed in such work. Light non-asphaltic oils are now used only as dust-layers on the paved tracks of the street railways and on such tracks as are not in a grassed reservation but are surfaced with gravel.

The method of maintenance on both the penetration roads and those having blanket surfacing is to fill the holes with the usual mixture of stone and bitumen. This patching is continued as needed, until further work of that nature is inexpedient, when a new pavement is built.

The term "sprinkling" is applied to the treatment the roads receive outside of patching maintenance and consists usually of not more than one application per year of 45 per cent asphaltic oil or light tar covered with sand, the two types of mate

The matter of grades is a problem. In the old water-bound macadam or gravel days the roads were worn down by attrition from iron-tired wheels and horses' hoofs. Now that the streets are not so worn down, patching and sprinkling with oil and sand constantly raises them. When they are resurfaced, the new surface is usually thicker than that of the old, for usually a better foundation results from removing but little of the old material, while the saving in cost is an essential consideration. This gradual raising of the roadway grade destroys its

reason to suppose that these great reservoirs existed in the time of King Herod. They were repaired under the Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in the sixteenth century, and it is possibly from that fact that they derive their present name.

The source of the water is in the cavern at the head of the Wadi Biarfi, five kilometers to the south of this spot, and the water comes through one tunnel cut for 33 kilometers through the rock, and through another 500 meters in length. Shafts were sunk from the surface to render these tunnels accessible, and the engineers have cleared hundreds of tons of earth from these shafts and tunnels in

B

order to make the flow of water possible. Much repair work has been done to two of these pools, and many engineering difficulties have been overcome. The work on the third pool is for the present postponed. The three together will hold 40,000,000 gallons of water, equal to three months' supply for the whole city. The engines which have been installed formed part of the plant for the desert pipe line which brought water from the Nile for Lord Allenby's armies.

We are indebted to George C. Cobb, American Vice-Consul in Charge, Jerusalem, Palestine, for the information contained in this article and for the illustra

tions. Рамешасивая

Bituminous

ITUMINOUS macadam with 6 inches

of trap rock on a good gravel base has given such excellent results in years of service in Fitchburg, Mass., that this type may well be considered as standardized for residential streets and main arteries leading to surrounding towns, according to David A. Hartwell, City Engineer, in the Journal of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers, Volume X, No. 5. Nearly a mile of road of this type is laid each year. The cost per mile with a width of 18 feet

varies from $22,000 to $25,000, depending on the length of haul, cost of material and local conditions. In 1921, macadam of this type was laid in the main road between Fitchburg and Ashburnham for a distance of 5,372 feet at a cost of $2.36 a square yard. This cost includes 43 cents a yard for excavating and subgrade, 17 cents for culverts, guard-railing and miscellaneous work, and $1.76 for material and labor for macadam. The average length of haul on this job was 11⁄2 miles.

OONE COUNTY, Missouri, has a more than 30,000.

B population of

Columbia, a town of about 12,000, has a student population of about 5,000 during the college season. We felt the need of hospital service for the rural population particularly, for the University of Missouri has only a small hospital serving the students and some of the citizens, and this situation simply accentuated our need. How might we get a hospital? In 1916, we saw in The Modern Hospital a notice of a county hospital law in Iowa and Indiana. We secured the Iowa statute and had it introduced, slightly modified, in our Legislature, and it became our law in 1917.

This law provides that any county may vote bonds and a tax for the erection and maintenance of a county hospital. A petition with 200 names subscribed, one-half in the county and the other half in the town in which the hospital is to be erected, is presented to the county court, and the court calls an election. Our constitution makes it necessary that a two-thirds majority be obtained for the measure to carry. The first trustees are appointed by the court and afterwards elected at regular elections, two and three alternately. Trustees serve without pay and are non-partisan. The law gives the trustees absolute management, and they may make any rules they see fit,

AND GROUNDS

to administer the institution. All legal practitioners of medicine may practise in the hospital, so long as they obey the rules laid down by the trustees. The trustees may exclude any patient or any physician for infraction of rules. A separate tuberculosis hospital may be built and administered by this board. The county court may apply 5 per cent of the revenue of the county for maintenance if it sees fit. A training school for nurses may be established. This, briefly, is the law.

Immediately after the war we felt more than ever the great need for such a hospital. The neighboring counties of Audrain and Callaway first voted and found they had not asked enough to erect what they needed. They immediately voted for more money and received it. Boone County came next and made the same mistake, for building prices were at the peak. We asked for $100.000, got the estimate and