December to choose members of their city governments, and some interesting contests resulted. This was particularly the case in our metropolis, Manchester, where Hon. George E. Trudel. Republican, member of Governor Albert O. Brown's executive council from the third district, defeated John L. Barry, Democrat, president of the State Federation of Labor. Mayor Trudel is a native of Canada, of French descent, but has lived in Manchester since childhood. Throughout the State he has a wide circle of friends, gained during many years

HON. F. W. HARTFORD,

Mayor of Portsmouth.

"on the road" as a commercial traveller and is now prosperously engaged in business for himself. His candidacy for the council was his first political experience, but he now holds the record of having, within thirteen months, "redeemed" both his city and his councilor district from the opposing party. An issue in this election was the legislation regarding Manchester enacted by the general court of 1921, which was favored by Councilor Trudel and his supporters and denounced by their opponents.

It was a somewhat singular circumstance that in every case where a mayor was a candidate for reelection he was successful. Major Orville E. Cain, mayor of Keene, and William K. Kimball, mayor of Rochester, had no opposition. In Concord, Mayor Henry E. Chamberlin was given a second term over Alderman Arthur F. Sturtevant. At Portsmouth. Major Fernando W. Hartford, editor and publicist, was elected for a second term, his opponent being ex-Mayor Daniel W. Badger, member of Governor Samuel D. Felker's executive council. Henri A. Burque was re-elected mayor of Nashua by 4,343 votes to 1,873 for Alderman John W. Broderick. The chief election day surprises were in Dover and Franklin. In the former city, Charles G. Waldron, Democrat, defeated Alonzo G. Willand, Republican, for mayor, although the latter party carried four of the five wards for other offices. Mayor-elect Waldron has chosen a "cabinet," or board of advisors. of eight Republicans and four Democrats with whom he says he will take counsel as to the financial and other policies of the city. In Franklin the strike of paper mill workers was made an issue in the election and the labor candidate. Louis H. Douphinette, Democrat, beat Clarence P. Stevens, Republican. Mr. Douphinette, like Mr. Waldron, was a member of the legislature of 1919 and is president of the Central Labor Union of his city.

Several women were elected to the school boards of their respective cities, Mrs. Ida Benfield in Portsmouth; Mrs. Della Alton in Nashua; Miss Annie Wallace and Mrs. Sarah E. Kendall in Rochester; while in Keene one woman councilman was chosen from each of the five wards: Mrs. Maude S. Putney, Miss Grace A. Richardson, Mrs. Annie L. Holbrook, Mrs. Katherine E. Faulkner and Mrs. Lulu F. Lesure.

In the three great Wars which this country has waged, namely, the Revolution, the Civil and the World War, the nation has raised its armies in three different ways: by the militia system, the volunteer method and by conscription. In the Revolutionary struggle, under the so-called militia system, the men were drawn from State Militia regiments already organized, through voluntary enlistment or by draft. Its distinguishing feature was a short term of service, and was the sole method of raising the armies in the war for independence. Under the volunteer plan the men are recruited from civil life, and are usually enlisted for one, two or three years, as may be named in the call for men. This was the leading method of raising the armies during the Rebellion, although during the last three years a conscription law was in force. In the World War the reliance was on the draft, Still a large number also volunteered for service. Each plan has its advantages and its disadvantages.

The Legislation of New Hampshire and Massachusetts was generally alike in the Revolutionary war, and in its details varied only in minor particulars. The two States. often consulted together through Committees, not only in answering the calls for men, but also in general war legislation. Both met with the same difficulties in filling their quotas. The men were called for substantially the same length of time, given about the same pay, and each state was compelled to fix penalties on both officers and civil authorities for negligence in performance of their duties imposed under many of the calls. The meth

ods pursued by both, and their experiences in recruiting men for the armies, were probably similar to those of every other colony.

There was no standing army when the conflict opened, but all men were already enrolled in companies and regiments. New Hampshire had twelve, and when it re-organized its militia in May, 1775, created the same number. When it again reorganized its militia in 1777, it made eighteen regiments. The size of these regiments varied from two or three hundred to seven hundred and fifty men each. All male inhabitants were divided into two classes, one called the active list, which included those between the ages of sixteen and fifty, and the alarm list, embracing all between sixteen and sixty-five, not enrolled in the active list, Many of the official classes were exempted from both groups. The State appointed the general officers of Divisions. and Brigades, and also the Colonels and Field officers of the several regiments. Each Company elected its own officers. The men on the active list were required to meet for drill and instruction eight times a year, and those on the alarm list, twice a year. These encampments lasted from three days to a week each. They were scenes of hilarity and dissipation, and were nothing but picnics on a large scale. As schools for instruction in the serious duties of the soldier, they were of no account. Each man had to furnish his own gun, accoutrements, and ammunition while serving in the militia. There was no prescribed uniform. If a man was unable to provide himself with his arms and other military implements,

the selectmen or State furnished them for him. In the first years of the war the calls were from the active list, but later the alarm list. was also included and no distinction was made between the two. It was from this force, so organized, that the armies of the Revolution were drawn.

The men were called for service in this way. If they were wanted to protect the sea coast or critical points within the State, the demand originated in the Legislature, Council or Committee of Safety, which passed Acts or issued orders to raise so many men to guard certain points named in the Law, and the Colonels of the militia regiments were ordered to recruit them out of their commands. The men called for State service were enlisted generally for longer terms, varying from three months to a year; while if they were to serve without the State, the Governors of neighboring commonwealths, General Washington, or the Continental Congress. would call upon the Governor or Legislature to furnish so many men for such and such a duty. The Legislature would forthwith enact a law, or the Council or Committee of Safety issue orders, addressed to the General commanding the militia or to the Regimental Colonels to recruit the number of men required. The General would divide the quota among the State regiments, and direct the Colonels commanding to recruit or draft the men called for. The Colonels would apportion the men among the towns represented in his command, and order his Captains to execute the law. Νο town was required to furnish more than its proportionate share under a call. The orders were given more frequently direct to the Colonels of the regiments. The law enforcing the call frequently stated the number

of men each town was to furnish as its quota.

Officers to command the men thus called out were not the same as those of the original militia regiments, but were specially appointed by the State for each battalion, and company officers were selected by the companies. The Field officers were often drawn from the primitive organizations, but not always, while the companies elected entirely new officers. They were original organizations, except that the men were taken out of the old order.

An enumeration of the laws passed for filling the armies, and a brief outline in some detail of the terms and conditions under which the men served, is necessary to appreciate fully how the system worked as a way of recruiting for the army. It is briefly sketched in the following pages, and explains, in part, why the struggle was so long, and makes plain in its results some of the reasons why the people suffered so intensely during the struggle. It will be appreciated by those who are familiar with the methods of raising armies.

The armies of 1775 were entirely volunteers, and were recruited in part out of the men who went to Cambridge, after the Lexington alarm. They came from all sections of Massachusetts and central and southern New Hampshire. The historian of a New Hampshire town has left on record a description of how they started for Cambridge. The alarm reached the Captain of the militia. company of the place about daylight. on April 19th. He immediately sent out his hired man to notify the members, and by ten o'clock all had assembled. "We all set out." to quote the words of an actor in the drama, "with such weapons as we could get, going like a flock of wild geese we hardly knew why or whither" and in two hours from the time of

getting notice he was on his way to the place of assembly with his

son and hired man, they on foot and he on horseback, carrying a bag with pork in one end of it and a large baking pan of bread just taken from the oven, in the other. The company was ready to march at 10 o'clock; some had fire arms with a meager supply of powder and ball; some of the guns were the old heavy, clumsy Queen's arm; some were light French pieces called fusees. Many of the guns had seen hard usage in the French war. Some of the men had pitchforks, some shillelahs and one ardent patriot was armed with his grain flail. The men were of all ages, untrained in the soldier's art, and their uniforms of homespun were as various in cut and color as the personality of the wearers. This would be a fair description of many of the men when they got to Cambridge. This company started for Cambridge and had got as far as Groton when they heard the result of the Concord fight, and half of them, including their Captain, turned back home. The rest kept on to their destination. At Cambridge, all was confusion and chaos; some of the men were under their regular officers; many of them were mere detachments of their companies, while a large portion were without any officers or

semblance of a Commander or organization.

But the authorities of Massachusetts immediately set themselves to work to bring order out of this confusion.

Boston of course was the center of military operations, and the people of Massachusetts felt the crisis more keenly than those of any other State, but New Hampshire was not idle. In May, 1775, the Fourth Provincial Congress voted to raise two thousand men for the cause, dividing them into three regiments. The regiments under Stark and Reed were largely recruited from

the New Hampshire men present at Cambridge between April 20th and June 1st. The third regiment, under Colonel Poor, was first designed for the protection of the New Hampshire sea coast, but after the battle of Bunker Hill was also ordered to Cambridge and there remained until the following January. These men were enlisted to serve until the last day of the next December, and their pay was forty shillings a month.

They were volunteers and there was no suggestion of a draft by either State. The men were to furnish their arms and equipment, the same as in the original militia. An allowance of a penny a mile was made for travel and four dollars was allowed for an over-coat.

September 1st, 1775, the Fourth Provincial Congress voted to raise four regiments of Minute Men out of the Militia regiments to be ready for immediate duty on call; to serve for four months and at the end of that time to be re-enlisted and keep being re-enlisted until further orders. When called to duty they were to be allowed the same pay and emoluments as the men in active service. How many of these Minute Men actually entered active service afterwards does not appear, but probably most, if not all, of them did. Aside from these men there came a call the first of December from Generals Washington and Sullivan upon the two States for five thousand men to take the place of the Connecticut militia, which had taken a miff at some fancied grievance, and refusing to serve longer, had marched off home. New Hampshire recruited thirty-one companies, eighteen hundred men, and Massachusetts contributed the balance. These men were to serve six weeks, and at the end of that time were discharged. Besides the men so furnished New Hampshire

also raised three companies for service in Canada, and one or two companies to guard the coast about Portsmouth.

The year 1776 was a busy one in raising men for the army. The colonies had come to realize the character of the struggle before them. The Declaration of Independence gave them a new incentive and had also emphasized the intensity of the war on the part of Great Britain. On January 20th, 1776, the Legislature voted to raise two regiments of 780 men each for two months. One of these was intended for General Schuyler and its term of service was later extended to one year. The other was to reinforce General Sullivan and its term

was

two months. Two months' pay in advance was offered. In March of this year New Hampshire voted to raise a regiment of seven hundred and twenty-five men, besides three hundred additional, to serve for nine months, as a guard for the sea coast, and seven hundred and sixty men for service in the Continental army in Canada. Their pay was to be the same as in the preceding year. Again in July the State decided to raise seven hundred and fifty more men for service until the 1st of the next December to serve in Canada. The Colonels of the several militia regiments were to recruit the men out of their commands. A bounty of seven pounds for equipment and one month's pay of 40 shillings in advance was offered, while their regular pay was the same as formerly. After the defeat at Long Island in August, in response to urgent calls from General Washington and the Continental Congress, it was decided to raise one thousand men for duty in New York to serve until December 1st, offering a bounty of six pounds and advanced pay, as in the preceding case. All these men were to be raised by voluntary enlistment

-but in December the State ordered a draft of five hundred men out of the militia for service in northern New York to serve until the first of the next March. Their pay was three pounds a month. General Carleton had invaded that State and captured Crown Point, thus creating an emergency which required. prompt action. The fore part of the year it was determined to raise eight companies to reinforce General Schuyler, and to serve in Canada until the first of the following January. These companies were a part of the one thousand men called in July. Two months' wages in advance was offered. In September a regiment of militia was raised to serve for four months at Portsmouth.

Men

By the Act of September 12th of this year, every soldier was to furnish his own gun, ramrod, worm, procuring wire and brush, a bayonet, cutting sword, or tomahawk or hatchet, a pouch containing a cartridge box holding fifteen rounds, one hundred buck shot, a jackknife, tow for wadding, six flints. one pound of powder and forty balls. If unable to supply them the Selectmen were to furnish them for him. refusing to obey the call were to be fined not less than 20 shillings nor more than three pounds. In all subsequent calls the men were required to furnish these equipments. This year, the State, besides the three regiments in the American army, had one in Canada, another in Portsmouth, and had also furnished five regiments of militia besides several companies recruited to guard certain points within the State.

By the middle of the year, the colonial leaders had seen the folly of trying to carry on the war under the methods hitherto employed. Washington had denounced the militia as unreliable and that the short terms of its enlistment made it a worthless force with which to oppose the trained veterans of Eng