Geometries and TransformationsCambridge University Press, 2018年6月7日 Euclidean and other geometries are distinguished by the transformations that preserve their essential properties. Using linear algebra and transformation groups, this book provides a readable exposition of how these classical geometries are both differentiated and connected. Following Cayley and Klein, the book builds on projective and inversive geometry to construct 'linear' and 'circular' geometries, including classical real metric spaces like Euclidean, hyperbolic, elliptic, and spherical, as well as their unitary counterparts. The first part of the book deals with the foundations and general properties of the various kinds of geometries. The latter part studies discrete-geometric structures and their symmetries in various spaces. Written for graduate students, the book includes numerous exercises and covers both classical results and new research in the field. An understanding of analytic geometry, linear algebra, and elementary group theory is assumed. |
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第 1 到 5 筆結果,共 86 筆
第 7 頁
... defined as (xT1)T2.∗ Multiplication of homomorphisms is always associative: (T1 T2)T3 = T1(T2T3). Any algebraic system has at least the identity automorphism x ↦→ x, and every automorphism has an inverse. Thus the set of all ...
... defined as (xT1)T2.∗ Multiplication of homomorphisms is always associative: (T1 T2)T3 = T1(T2T3). Any algebraic system has at least the identity automorphism x ↦→ x, and every automorphism has an inverse. Thus the set of all ...
第 8 頁
... defined by means of bilinear forms, functions V × V → F that map pairs of vectors into scalars, preserving linear combinations. The relevant theory of finite-dimensional vector spaces will be developed beginning 8 Preliminaries.
... defined by means of bilinear forms, functions V × V → F that map pairs of vectors into scalars, preserving linear combinations. The relevant theory of finite-dimensional vector spaces will be developed beginning 8 Preliminaries.
第 9 頁
... defined a multiplication of module elements, distributive over addition and such that λ(xy) = (λx)y= x(λy) for all λ in R and all x and y in A. If each nonzero element has a multiplicative inverse, A is a division algebra. D. Analysis ...
... defined a multiplication of module elements, distributive over addition and such that λ(xy) = (λx)y= x(λy) for all λ in R and all x and y in A. If each nonzero element has a multiplicative inverse, A is a division algebra. D. Analysis ...
第 10 頁
... define line segments, rays, and the like. The property that sets real and complex geometries apart from others is ... definition can be based on the theory of rational “cuts” invented by Richard Dedekind (1831–1916), so that each point ...
... define line segments, rays, and the like. The property that sets real and complex geometries apart from others is ... definition can be based on the theory of rational “cuts” invented by Richard Dedekind (1831–1916), so that each point ...
第 11 頁
... as a linear fractional transformation of the extended field F∪ {∞}, defined for given field elements a, b, c, d (ad − bc = 0) by x ↦→ bx ax + + d c , x ∈ F\{ − d/b}, with −d/b ↦→ ∞ and ∞ ↦→ a/b if b Preliminaries 11.
... as a linear fractional transformation of the extended field F∪ {∞}, defined for given field elements a, b, c, d (ad − bc = 0) by x ↦→ bx ax + + d c , x ∈ F\{ − d/b}, with −d/b ↦→ ∞ and ∞ ↦→ a/b if b Preliminaries 11.
內容
1 | |
13 | |
27 | |
Circular Geometries | 57 |
Real Collineation Groups | 87 |
Equiareal Collineations | 113 |
Real Isometry Groups | 138 |
Complex Spaces | 157 |
Complex Collineation Groups | 168 |
Circularities and Concatenations | 183 |
Unitary Isometry Groups | 203 |
Finite Symmetry Groups | 223 |
Tables | 390 |
List of Symbols | 406 |
Index | 425 |
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affine angle associated Axiom called central circle collineation column commutator complex contains coordinates corresponding Coxeter diagrams Coxeter group defined determinant direct distance dual elements elliptic entries equal Euclidean EXERCISES expressed extended field Figure Find finite fixed follows four fractional transformations fundamental region geometry given half-turn honeycomb hyperbolic hyperplane hypersphere induces infinite integers inversive isometry isomorphic lattice length linear group mapping matrix meet multiplication n-space nonzero normal obtain operation ordinary orthogonal orthogonal matrix pairs parallel period plane points polarity positive preserves projective properties quaternionic ratios reffections regular represented respective ring rotation satisfying the relations scalar separated Show sides similarity space sphere spherical subgroup of index symbol symmetry group symplectic taking tions transformation translation triangle unique unit unitary vector vector space vertices