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of intelligence work. This unique window of history has meant that many of the students, after service in the Gulf War, also participated in the wide spectrum of UN peace operations from PROVIDE COMFORT in Iraq to Somalia, Haiti, and Bosnia. Many members of the faculty also have direct experience in the conduct of peacekeeping missions.

The On-Site Research Support Program of the College's Office of Applied Research has funded visits to the UN in New York for students conducting research on UN issues. In addition, students have been supported to conduct interviews and to visit UN libraries in Vienna at the IAEA, Geneva at the offices of the UN High Commissioner on Refugees, Korea at the UN Command and the U.S. Forces Korea, and in Japan at the UN University and the Japanese foreign and defense ministries. High-level U.S. and UN officials and academics from around the world have generously taken time to provide their insights in support of our students' research.

Chapter 1
PROLOGUE

In the summer of 1993, well before the ambush of American peacekeepers on the streets of Mogadishu, Captains Lautner and Piskator anticipated the forthcoming extensive deployment of U.S. forces in UN peace operations throughout the world. Looking beyond the conventional wisdom that the United States was the only remaining superpower with a global power projection capability, they analyzed the readiness of the U.S. military to conduct peacekeeping in a UN context. They defined the peacekeeping mission, reviewed the history of U.S. participation in peace operations, utilized standard measures of military preparedness, and assessed the current ability of the Department of Defense to conduct peacekeeping operations. Their conclusion was that while the U.S. had a highly capable military force for the conduct of combat operations, the U.S. was only partially prepared for UN missions, lacking experience, doctrine, trained personnel and established procedures.

In addition to assessing the current capability of the U.S. military, they also developed a matrix for the use of U.S. policymakers in deciding whether to commit U.S. forces to a future peacekeeping operation. After establishing a set of key factors that would influence the success of a peacekeeping mission, they tested the model against past and current U.S. deployments in the Middle East and then assessed the prospects for a potential U.S. deployment to Bosnia.

The accuracy of the analysis and the validity of their decisionmaking matrix can be established by a review of subsequent actions undertaken by the U.S. Government and the Department of Defense. The key factors they suggested for deciding whether to support a UN mission in the UN Security Council or to commit U.S. forces closely anticipated the 1994

Clinton Administration Policy on Reforming Multilateral Peace Operations (PDD-25).

Meanwhile, all of the U.S. military professional schools were directed to add peace operations to their curricula. Basic doctrine was published in 1994 with FM 100-23, Peace Operations; Joint Pub 3-07.3, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Peacekeeping Operations; and Joint Pub 2-0, Joint Doctrine for Intelligence Support to Operations, which included a chapter entitled "Intelligence for Multinational Operations." A UN Division was established by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and a UN desk was created in the National Military Joint Intelligence Center with links to the U.S. Mission to the UN, the UN Situation Room in New York and UN peace operations headquarters in the field. U.S. units that deployed to Haiti and Bosnia were given months of formal predeployment training for peace operations, a need highlighted by Captains Lautner and Piskator.

In short, these master's theses were right on the mark.

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This paper will review recent U.S. participation in peacekeeping operations, analyze current U.S. capabilities, and develop a decision matrix to assist U.S. policymakers in deciding whether the U.S. should participate in a proposed peacekeeping operation.

As of 1993, there are three broad missions performed by the U.S. military: peacekeeping support, observer missions, and deployment of forces. Currently, U.S. forces are engaged in all three types of operations.

First, peacekeeping support consists primarily of logistical and financial assistance to international and UN-sponsored peacekeeping efforts, and is used to purchase equipment for other countries and their contingents as they perform peacekeeping missions. Additionally, the U.S. is the largest contributor to UN peacekeeping: the 1993 budget included $460.3 million for UN operations (Browne b: 2). Logistical support provided by the U.S. includes supplies and equipment in addition to air and sealift. U.S. air and sealift assets are used to ferry both U.S. and other countries' forces in and out of peacekeeping theaters of operation. The U.S. Air Force, for instance, has flown over 5,500 sorties for UNOSOM I/II and Operation PROVIDE PROMISE in the former Yugoslavia (Murry).

The second type of peacekeeping mission involves sending individuals to serve under UN command as observers. They can perform communications, logistics, medical, administration or general purpose functions such as:

■ Observing; Reporting;

■ Investigating cease-fire violations;

Liaison;

Maintaining current information;

Conducting periodic visits to forward positions to observe and report

on the disposition of forces;

Supervising elections, administering civil functions;

Verifying the destruction of military equipment.

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