Between Past and Future: Elites, Democracy and the State in Post-communist Countries : a Comparison of Estonia, Latvia, and LithuaniaAshgate, 1997 - 389 頁 This text presents a specific interest in analyzing the role of the elites as a key factor for democratic rule and policy changes. The analysis is based on data from structured interviews with around 300 elite persons in eight elite groups - namely parliament, bureaucracy, political parties/movements, state enterprises, private business, intellectuals, the judicial system and local government. In order to put the elites in perspective the author has also conducted opinion surveys asking some of the same questions among representative samples of the populations in the three countries. |
內容
Four perspectives on democracy and policy development | 4 |
The historical context | 11 |
The interviewing procedures | 23 |
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administration alternative elite authoritarian background Baltic countries Baltic elites basic bureaucracy business elites Central Committee Ch.man change of regime class conflicts cleavages Communist Party compared conflicts considerable contacts CP-membership culture democracy democratic deputies economic elected elite attitudes elite change elite control elite groups elite integration elite interaction elite network elite persons elite system Estonia and Latvia Estonia Latvia Lithuania Estonian elites ethnic democracies explained former communists former elites former regime higher ideology important independence indicates indigenous elites influence institutions inter-elite interests Latvian elites leaders left-right scale Lithuanian elites mass media mass public members of parliament national elites nomenclature Non-members orientations party members pattern percent political elites political parties positions post-communist proportion question recruitment responsibility Russians Russophones social society Soviet period Soviet Union stability structure Table Tallinn three countries totalitarian Trade Union trust Union University of Latvia welfare