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IV. Consequences of the Vote-Difficulties of the Extreme
Right-The Comte de Chambord leaves Versailles
329
CHAPTER VII
THE SECOND BROGLIE CABINET
I. What was the Septennate ?—Interpellation on the Non-
convocation of the Electoral Colleges: Vote of the Order of
the Day Pure and Simple-Resignation of the Cabinet-
The Duc Decazes-Constitution of the Second Broglie
Cabinet-Its Precarious Position-Election of the Com-
mittee of Thirty
335
346
II.-The Budget of 1874-Financial System of M. Magne-The
New Taxes
III. The Trial and Condemnation of Marshal Bazaine-Char-
acter of the Sentence-Was Bazaine a Traitor ? ..
353
CHAPTER VIII
ARMED PEACE AND THE INTERNATIONAL KULTURKAMPF
I.-Europe and the new German Empire-Prince Bismarck and
French Domestic Politics-The " Armed Peace " System-
The "Kulturkampf" and German Unity-Germany and
the "White Policy"
II.-Emperor William at St. Petersburg-The Czar at Vienna-
Victor Emmanuel at Vienna and Berlin-Germany and the
Monarchical Campaign-William I at Vienna
III. The Duc Decazes, Minister of Foreign Affairs-Rome and
the International Kulturkampf-Incident of the Episcopal
Mandates A War feared-German Military Septennate-
Reichstag Elections in Alsace-Lorraine-Protest against
Annexation
IV.-New Apprehensions caused by German Armaments—
Spanish Affairs-The Emperor of Austria at St. Petersburg
-Europe and the " Armed Peace " System
389
404
418
433
V.-Accession of the Disraeli Cabinet-A Change in British
Policy-The Czar's Travels in Europe-Germany and the
Eastern Question-Prince Hohenlohe an Ambassador in
Paris-The European Situation in May 1874
VI.-Inauguration of a "World Policy "-Russia in Central
Asia-Annam and Tonkin Incidents-Chinese Affairs-The
Ashantee War-Great Britain and the Suez Canal-Great
International Works
440
449
CHAPTER IX
FALL OF THE DUC DE BROGLIE
I. The Session resumed-Discussion of the Majority of the
24th of May-The Mayors' Act: its Application—Explana-
tion of the Marshal concerning the Duration of his Powers-
Resistance-Elections of February 27th and March 1st,
1874-Bonapartist Manifestations on the Occasion of the
Prince Imperial's Birthday.
460
II. The Republican Party-The Gambetta-Lepère Inter-
pellation; M. Challemel-Lacour's Speech-The Duc de
Broglie declares the Septennate to be Incommutable '
Rupture with the Extreme Right-M. Thiers-Dissolution
Proposed-Easter Holidays-Elections of March 29th, 1874 475
III.-Laws of Re-organisation-The Liquidation Accounts-
Water-ways-Military Administration-The Frontier Pro-
blem-Two Eastern Lines of Fortifications-Paris Fortifi-
cations
IV. The Summer Session-The Duc de Broglie's Constitu-
tional Projects-Representation of " Interests "-Universal
Suffrage "Expurgated "-Organisation of Legislative and
Executive Powers-The Bills on Municipal Electorate and
Political Electorate-Bill for the Creation of a Second
Chamber-Fall of the Duc de Broglie: Its Causes and Con-
sequences
484
• 493
CHAPTER X
THE RECOVERY-THE ADVENT OF DEMOCRACY
I.-Optimism of the French People-Impression produced on
it by the War of 1870-The Soil of France-Patriotism—
National Unity
II.-Prosperous Years-Weather Conditions-Production-
Harvests-Industry-Commerce-Abundance Wages-
Public Wealth-Rapid Material Recovery
III.-The Population-The Classes in French Society: the
Middle Class-The People-The "New Strata "-Advent
of Democracy
522
530
541
CHAPTER XI
LETTERS. OPINION. THE PRESS
I.-Literature after 1870-Principal Characteristics of the
Times-Surviving Influences: Auguste Comte, Balzac,
Victor Hugo, Michelet, George Sand
561
II. Realism-Consequences of the War-Perplexity and Dis-
illusions-Renan-Taine-Flaubert-The Drama: Alex-
andre Dumas fils, Victorien Sardou, Henri de Bornier. · 571
III. The Novel-Naturalism-Emile Zola-Alphonse Daudet
-Poets-The contemporary Parnassus-Leconte de Lisle
-Sully-Prudhomme-José-Maria de Heredia-François
IV. Educational Literature-Foundation of the School of Poli-
tical Science-Democratic Literature-Serial Publications
-Magazines and Illustrated Papers . . 603
V. Opinion-The Press-Newspaper régime-Great Political
Party Papers-The Popular Press-The Halfpenny News-
paper-The Provincial Press
614
CHAPTER XII
ARTS-SCIENCE
I. French Art after the War-The Art of Cities-Architecture
-Sculpture-Painting
625
II.-Music-The Influence of Wagner-The French School
III.-Science-Scientific work in France-Higher Science-The
Principle of "Unity"-Astronomy-Mathematics-Me-
chanics-Physics-Chemistry-Organic Chemistry: Ber-
thelot-Physiology: Claude Bernard-Natural History-
Anthropology and Paleontology-The Problem of Life-
Pasteur Microbiology-Cosmic Forces - Darwinism-
Evolution-Medicine and Hygiene
637
640
CHAPTER XIII
THE MORAL CRISIS
I. The Moral Law and Society-Three risks: Religious, Eco-
nomic, and Patriotic-Authority and Liberty-Religion-
Inner and Outer Crisis of Catholicism-Catholic France-
Symptoms of Disaffection
666
II.-Free-thought-Philosophical Systems-Philosophical Op-
portunism-Ethical Systems
III.-Economics-Saint-Simonism-The "Orthodox School
-Economic Ethics-Disadvantages and Benefits of Eco-
nomicism
686
696
IV.-Morality without Sanction-The "Generous Man-Non-
constraint-Religion of the Fatherland-Theory of Oppor-