The gun have no assemblies. Each has a local council to assist the gun-shu (gun-head). Members are selected from among the prominent people in the community.

The heads of gai and sho are paid officials appointed by the Governor-General. They are usually of hannin (thirdclass) rank, but 30 in all Taiwan may be of sonin (secondclass) rank. They are directly responsible to the gun administration.

The gai and sho heads preside over assemblies of from 8 to 20 members, half of whom are appointed by the Governor-General and half elected by qualified voters. The function of the assembly is to submit opinions on various problems when asked to do so by higher authority.

Gun officials in Taiwan complain that their authority is insufficient to permit them to make necessary variations in practice to meet local needs, and that their remuneration is entirely inadequate in view of their heavy responsibilities.

r. Government-General Agencies. (1) Industrial Development Bureau agencies:

Plant Inspection Station Despatch station at Tainanshi.

Tainan Products Commercial Station.

Marine Products Experimental Tainan Branch Station, Tainan-shi, Kami-konshin.

Cotton Production Guidance Station at Tainan-shi,

Chikuko-seki.

Forestry Management Branch Office, Kagi Branch at Kagi-shi.

A representative in the Tainan Police Office. (2) Rice and Other Cereals Bureau:

Kagi Inspection Branch Office, with Despatch stations at Toroku and Tainan.

(3) Department of Judicial Affairs:

Tainan District Courts at Tainan-shi, Nammon-cho. Branch at Kagi-shi, Myamae-cho.

Sub-branches at Toroku, Kobi, Hokko, Bokushi, Shinei, Mato, Kari and Shinka, each with a secretary.

Tainan District Prosecutor's Office.

Branch at Kagi-shi, Miyamae-cho.

(4) Deposit Bureau:

Tainan Deposit Bureau Division at Tainan-shi, Nam

mon-cho.

Branch at Kagi-shi.

(5) Traffic Bureau:

Tainan post office at Tainan-shi, Nishiki-machi.

Kagi post office at Kagi-shi, Moto-machi.

Tainan Wireless Telegraph Bureau at Tainan-shi,
Entei.

The location of schools, post offices and police stations is given in Section VIII, "Police and Courts," p. 45ff.

1. General statement. The Government-General has a police affairs section as does each province and each gun. Special economic police were placed in each of these offices under an order of December 6, 1938, these special police units being given the name of Economic Well-being Units concerned with economic control. The Economic Wellbeing Unit was placed in the Police Affairs section of the Government-General Police Affairs Bureau. It was also placed in the Police Affairs Section of the shu Police Affairs Department. The requisite personnel was placed in the various police offices of the gun and thus a system was completely organized.

Each province along the western coast appears to have guard patrols as a protection against pirates. The pirates who make their appearance on the coast of Taiwan have their bases on the shore of the South China Sea and raid the junks which navigate along the coast. Fortyseven raids occurred between 1912 and 1916. Guard patrols were then organized in each shu of the Taiwan coast, and as a result the damage by the pirates was not heavy by 1940.

Secret police, military police, and other types of police are reported, but sufficient information is not yet available to present a picture of any clarity.

2. Duties of the police. The thoroughness with which the Japanese police attempt to control the Taiwanese can be indicated by the items of information the police are required to enter on one of the many documents kept in local police archives:

a. Name of the gai or sho.

b. Total area of the gai or sho.

c. Type of land by ko: (1) field; (2) garden; (3) building plot; (4) woods; (5) moor; (6) cemetery ground; (7) marshes and ponds; (8) total.

d. Number of households: (1) Japanese; (2) Formosan-Chinese; (3) foreigners; (4) total.

e. Population: (1) Japanese; (2) Formosan-Chinese; (3) foreigners; (4) total.

f. Hoko system: (1) Number of ho; (2) number of ko; (3) head of ko.

g. Soteidan: (1) leader; (2) assistant leaders; (3) men; (4) total.

h. Business establishments under police control.

i. Number of domestic animals: (1) water buffalo; (2) yellow oxen; (3) horses; (4) hogs; (5) goats.

j. Important products and amounts produced: (1) rice; (2) etc.

k. Distance notations: (1) from this dispatch post to neighboring dispatch post, neighboring provincial post, other important places, district headquarters, adjacent provinces; (2) by train (as above); (3) by pushcar; (4) by land route (on foot).

1. Market and other data: (1) markets; (2) slaughter houses; (3) slaughtered cattle disposal ground.

m. Households assigned to individual policemen: (1) police strength; (2) number of one-policeman households; (3) number of people to whom one policeman are assigned.

n. Transportation facilities: (1) trains,, publicly owned and privately owned; (2) pushcar; (3) rickshaws; (4) horse and cow carts; (5) baggage carts; (6) bicycles; (7) bridges; (8) ferries.

o. Births and deaths within the last five years: (1) births, male, female, total, population percentage; (2) deaths, male female, total, population percentage; (3) years for each of above; (4) averages for each of above. p. People who particularly require police vigilance: (1) persons with prison records; (2) habitual criminals who have been warned; (3) habitual gamblers; (4) indicted persons released on bail; (5) persons under suspended sentences; (6) persons receiving premonitory order; (7) people who must be watched because of occupation and residence; (8) people who must be watched because of "opium association"; (9) opium addicts; (10) villains and rogues; (11) delinquent boys; (12) others requiring special police vigilance.

q. Important public figures and wealthy men: (1) public figures (full name, property); (2) wealthy men (full name, property).

7. Kinds of occupations and number of households within jurisdiction: (1) government officials; (2) agriculturalists; (3) industry; (4) business; (5) day laborers; (6) others; (7) totals; (8) Japanese, Formosan-Chinese, foreigners.

8. Factories.

t. Companies. u. Hospitals. v. Schools.

w. Religious edifices and institutions: (1) ancestral shrines; (2) Buddhist temples; (3) Shinto shrines.

x. Historical sites.

y. Scenic places.

3. Courts. The courts in Taiwan are under the Department of Judicial Affairs of the Government-General, under which there are three district courts at Tainan, Haichu, and Taihoku. The courts of Takao Province are under the Tainan court, as is the court at Kagi. There appears to be a court secretary in each gun in Tainan Province, but there may be some exceptions.

Many disputes that in other places would come before the courts are settled in Taiwan through arbitration by the provincial governor and by some, if not all, of the gun heads. From 1929 through 1938 the number of arbitration cases in Taiwan exceeded the number of civil suits, although in 1938 there were 9,217 civil suits and 8,145 arbitration cases.

A law of 1904 permitted gun heads and the heads of city police stations to hand down summary decisions in cases involving gambling, the violation of various administrative regulations, and other "minor" offences subject to detention and fine, and provided a right of appeal to the courts. The number of cases so handled in Taiwan between 1929 and 1938 varied from 130,045 to 217,297, and the number of appeals from 6 to 100. In 1938 there were 174,026 cases and 6 appeals. The number of cases in Tainan Province is not known,

4. Deposit bureau offices. The Tainan Deposit Bureau is a branch of the Deposit Bureau of the Government-General, under which are the sub-branches at Kagi and in Takao Province. The offices seem to serve as depositories for a variety of legal documents and records, and to be a means by which the Government-General can keep track of all significant transactions in Taiwan.

5. Fire fighting. The soteidan, under police supervision and training, form the fire fighting units in Tainan Province with the exception of Tainan City, which has a fire station. In all probability Kagi City also has a fire department. Details of the soteidan are presented under the discussion of the hoko system in the preceding chapter on government.

6. Prisons. Four head prisons and four branch prisons are in Taiwan. The head prison in Tainan City has under its jurisdiction the branch prison in Kagi and the branch prison in Takao. The prison at Shinchiku, Shinchiku Province, is for juveniles from all over the island. In 1939 the eight prisons contained a total of 4,166 convicted criminals, 336 defendants and suspects, and 140 "detained" individuals. The expenditure for these prisons in 1938 was Y700,237; and the income, which is reported as coming from the prisoners engaging in cabinet-making, rattan work, printing, sewing, and other crafts, ¥705,472.

A widespread organization exists for the assistance of released prisoners, the Honin Taiwan Sansei Kyokei, branches being formed in each province in 1935 with the provincial governors as presidents. A branch of the Tainan provincial society is located in each gun. The organization probably is of little importance.

7. Location of police stations and other facilities. The police stations shown in the following tables were taken from symbols on a Japanese map which did not distinguish between types of stations. The list is undoubtedly incomplete.

TABLE 36.-Location of police stations, post offices, doctors and schools in Tainan City [Administrative centers are in italics]

Population

(2 9,930 77, 093

39,960 392, 428

1

Total

Dai-cho..

Eiraku-cho.

Seimon-cho..

48

7,786