Molecular politics : developing American and British regulatory policy for genetic engineering, 1972-1982
"The early promise of genetic engineering triggered a host of social and political concerns. In Molecular Politics, Susan Wright draws on government records, archival materials, and a wide range of interviews to analyze how the American and British governments responded to these concerns and to the struggles among corporations, scientists, universities, trade unions, and public interest groups for control of this controversial technology. Advancing an original approach to the expression of power in policymaking, she provides the first comparative study of a crucial set of policy decisions and explores their implications for the political economy of contemporary science."--BOOK JACKET
Student Collection
xxii, 591 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm
9780226910659, 9780226910666, 0226910652, 0226910660
29638280
Introduction: Exploring the Boundary between Politics and Science
pt. I. Institutions and Interests. 1. Social Interests in Promoting and Controlling Science and Technology. 1.1. Expansion of Government Support for Science, 1945 to the Late 1960s: The United States. 1.2. Expansion of Government Support for Science, 1945 to the Late 1960s: The United Kingdom. 1.3. Reassessing Science and Technology, 1965-1975. 1.4. Deregulation and Selective Growth: 1970s and 1980s. 1.5. The Shaping of American and British Science Policy. 2. The Social Transformation of Recombinant DNA Technology, 1972-1982. 2.1. Anticipations of Genetic Engineering, 1952-1970. 2.2. The First Gene-Splicing Experiments, 1969-1973. 2.3. Visions of a Commercial Future, 1974-1976. 2.4. Genetic Engineering Enters the Business Arena, 1976-1979. 2.5. The "Cloning Gold Rush," 1979-1982. 2.6. A New Commercial Ethos. 2.7. A Transformation of Interest
pt. II. Policy Initiation. 3. The Emergence and Definition of the Genetic Engineering Issue, 1972-1975
3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Social Interests in Genetic Engineering. 3.3. Precedents. 3.4. Emergence of the Recombinant DNA Issue, 1973-1974. 3.5. Initiating Recombinant DNA Policy in the United States and the United Kingdom, 1972-1976. 3.6. The Asilomar Conference, 24-27 February 1975. 3.7. The Asilomar Legacy. 4. Initiating Government Controls in the United States and the United Kingdom, 1975-1976. 4.1. The Politics of the NIH Guidelines. 4.2. Forming the NIH Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee. 4.3. Developing the NIH Guidelines, 1975-1976. 4.4. The Hearing before the Director's Advisory Committee, February 1976. 4.5. Promulgating the 1976 NIH Guidelines: Industry and the Public Enter the Policy Debate. 4.6. The Politics of Genetic Engineering in the United Kingdom. 4.7. The Williams Committee and the Formation of British Policy. 4.8. Forming the Genetic Manipulation Advisory Group. 4.9. The American and British Policy Paradigms: Variations on the Asilomar Legacy
pt. III. Response to the Recombinant DNA Controversy. 5. Defusing the Controversy: The Politics of Risk Assessment. 5.1. The Spread of the Recombinant DNA Controversy. 5.2. The Hazard Problem: A Case Study in the Closure of a Technical Controversy. 5.3. The Meetings at Bethesda, Falmouth, and Ascot. 5.4. Further Sources of "New Evidence" 5.5. The Politics of Risk Assessment. 5.6. Dissemination/Legitimation. 6. Derailing Legislation, 1977-1978. 6.1. The Politics of Government Control of Recombinant DNA Technology. 6.2. Biomedical Research as an "Affected Industry" 6.3. The Rise and Fall of Recombinant DNA Legislation. 6.4. The Political Impact of the Legislative Defeat
pt. IV. Implementing Controls. 7. Revising the National Institutes of Health Controls, 1977-1978. 7.1. The Social and Political Setting. 7.2. Revisions Proposed, 1977. 7.3. The Director's Advisory Committee Meeting, December 1977. 7.4. The Position of Private Industry, December 1977. 7.5. Cloning Viral DNA: The Original Problem Reassessed. 7.6. Making the Changes: Initiating a Policy Reversal. 7.7. Revisions Released, December 1978. 8. Operating the Genetic Manipulation Advisory Group, 1977-1978. 8.1. The Social and Political Setting. 8.2. The Politics of GMAG. 8.3. Implementing the Williams Proposals, 1977. 8.4. Developing the Brenner Scheme, 1977-1978
pt. V. Dismantling Controls. 9. Dismantling the National Institutes of Health Controls: From Prevention to Crisis Intervention, 1979. 9.1. The Social and Political Setting. 9.2. Industry, Academe, and the Politics of the NIH Controls. 9.3. The Status of the Hazards Debate. 9.4. The Wye Meeting. 9.5. The New Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee. 9.6. The Rowe-Campbell Proposal: The First Move toward Dismantling the NIH Controls. 9.7. A Turn in Discourse and Policy. 10. Dismantling the National Institutes of Health Controls but Preserving Quasi-regulation, 1980-1982. 10.1. Dismantling Controls. 10.2. The Evolution of the NIH Industrial Policy. 10.3. The Politics of the RAC: Industry, Science, and the Public. 11. Dismantling the Genetic Manipulation Advisory Group, 1979-1984. 11.1. The Social and Political Setting. 11.2. The New GMAG. 11.3. Implementing the New Risk Assessment Scheme. 11.4. Relaxing Oversight. 11.5. Closely Watched Trends: Regulating Industrial Processes. 11.6. Terminating GMAG. 11.7. Achieving Parity. 12. Molecular Politics in a Global Economy
Appendix A Excerpts from Transcript of the Enteric Bacteria Meeting, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 31 August 1976